Ethical Consumption of Cell Phones Essay

1. INTRODUCTION In just 30 years, mobile telephony has grown into a major global industry, with an estimated 5 billion users around the world, compared with a total world population of around 7 billion people. While new subscriber growth has slowed somewhat in recent years, product turnover remains high, with over 1 billion new mobile phones shipped in 2009 alone. This paper firstly examines the life cycle of a cell phone, describing its stages from the extraction of the materials to its disposal or re-usage possibilities. It also discussed the ethical issues that impact the environment and society. Lastly, two cell phone manufactures (Apple and Nokia) are being compared in terms of how they deal with environmental impacts. 2. LIFE CYCLE OF A CELL PHONE Stage One: Extraction of Materials Mobile phones generally comprise approximately 40% metals and 40% plastics, with the remainder made up of glass, ceramic and other miscellaneous materials. The parts of a cell phone include the circuit board, the liquid crystal display (LCD) and the rechargeable battery. The circuit board, which controls all of the phone’s functions, consists of copper, gold, silver, lead, nickel, tin, coltan, and zinc. The LCD, which is a flat-panel display where all the information and images appear, is made of glass or plastic. Batteries power the cell phone and, depending on the type of battery, may contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium and copper. Many of these materials are so called â€Å"persistent toxins† that remain in the environment for a long period of time, even after disposal. Furthermore, an important life cycle consideration is the energy required to extract metals from their respective ores. From an energy perspective, precious metals gold and silver and exceed the impact of copper. In addition, the energy content of glass also has a significant energy footprint, due to the high melt temperatures that are required during manufacturing. Stage Two: Materials Processing Raw materials that go into making cell phones must first be processed before manufacturers can use them. For example, to make the plastic casing, crude oil needs to be combined with natural gas and chemicals. The copper used to make the circuit board and batteries has to be mined from the ground, heated and treated with chemicals and electricity before it can be formed into wires and sheets. Stage Three: Manufacturing The individual parts of a cell phone each go through a manufacturing process. The circuit board is shaped using plastics and fibreglass and then coated with gold plating. The circuits and wires of the circuit board are soldered, glued and coated. The LCD is made with liquid crystals layered between glass or plastic. These layers include two polarized panels, with a liquid crystal solution between them. Light is projected through the layer of liquid crystals and is colorized, which produces the visible image. Batteries have two electrodes (both made from a different metal) and each electrode is touched by a liquid material called electrolytes. When an outlet or another outside electrical source is applied, a chemical reaction between the electrodes and the electrolytes causes an electric current to flow and powers the battery. Stage Four: Packaging and Transportation The transportation process and packaging of cell phones is seen as harmful to the environment. Transporting cell phones for distribution requires the use of fossil fuels for energy, which can contribute to global climate change. While packaging protects products from damage, identifies contents, and provides information, excessive or decorative packaging contributes to the waste that we produce. Packaging consumes valuable natural resources, such as paper (from trees), plastic (from crude oil in the earth), aluminium (from ore), or other materials, all of which use energy to produce and can result in waste. Some packaging, however, can be made from recycled materials. Stage Five: Useful Life You can extend the use of your cell phone by taking good care of it as in protecting it from damage by storing it in a case, avoiding dropping it, and keeping it out of extreme heat and cold and away from water and other liquids. However, the materials that are used to make cell phones can potentially damage the environment and harm people. Therefore, it is important to reuse, recycle or properly dispose cell phones. Reuse: Many organizations, including recyclers, charities, and electronics manufacturers, accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse gives people, who could not otherwise afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and this also extends the useful lifetime of a phone. Recycle: Nowadays, many stores, manufacturers, and recycling centres accept cell phones for recycling. Some cell phones can be fixed and sold as refurbished phones, or parts can be used to fix phones. Some rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as this way the recovered materials can be used to make new batteries and stainless steel products. Disposal: However, about 40% of cell phones can’t be sold as refurbished cell phones. These cell phones are shredded as well as smelted at a copper refiner. Many metals actually go back to their natural state. This process helps replenish some natural resources and it is called above ground mining. Still, many cell phones are simply thrown in the trash and end up in landfills (buried in the ground) or incinerators (burned). Because cell phones contain metals, plastics, chemicals, and other potentially hazardous substances, they should always be recycled or properly disposed. Phones that are thrown away waste energy and result in the loss of valuable resources. This figure shows the cell phone recycling rate from 2007 to 2010 in the United Stated. Even though sales were the highest in 2010, the recycling rate did not correspond to the sales. 3. ETHICAL ISSUES 1. Energy Conservation The quantity of mobile phone usage increases any environmental impact of this product. Life-cycle analysis conducted by the European Commission shows that energy consumption is the greatest impact, both during manufacture of components and during their usage. Nokia estimated that if 10% of worldwide subscribers would unplug their chargers once their phone is fully charged, the energy saved could to supply 60,000 European homes for one year. Issues like wastage of energy due to overcharging and or mobiles left unplugged even after being fully charged needs to be addressed more. 2. Exploitation & Illegal Trading The material used in the manufacturing of the mobile phones is coltan, a heat resistant material found in the Republic of Congo. In the Coltan, mines there are children that have to work instead of going to school and many reputable companies buy this mineral. Companies have to resort to material provided by controversial circumstances. What is Coltan? Coltan, short for columbite-tantalite is a metallic ore comprising niobium and tantalum. The niobium-dominant mineral in coltan is columbite, and the tantalum-dominant mineral is tantalite. Niobium, whose leading producer in Brazil, is mostly found in the mineral pyrochlore whereas tantalum is extracted from the ore, tantalite and is created by smelting and tin mining in some places. Tantalum mineral is mainly mined in Australia, Brazil, Canada, Democratic Republic of Congo, China, Ethiopia, Mozambique and other central African countries. Coltan is important for manufacturing cell phones because it is in the capacitors that control current flow in the cell phone’s circuit board. When refined, coltan becomes a heat resistant powder, metallic tantalum which has unique properties for storing electrical charge. Mining Coltan In the Coltan is mined by hand in the Congo by groups of men digging basins in streams by scrapping off the surface mud. They then â€Å"slosh† the water around the crater, which causes the Coltan ore to settle at the bottom of the crater where it is retrieved by the miners. A team can â€Å"mine† one kilo of Coltan per day. Most of these miners are children which are subjected to extreme conditions. Therefore, awareness has to be brought to these terrible working conditions by which these child workers are affected. Coltan financing war A recent report by the UN has claimed that all the parties involved in the local civil war have been involved in the mining and sale of Coltan. One report suggested that the neighbouring Rwandan army made US$250 million from selling Coltan in less than 18 months, despite there being no Coltan in Rwanda to mine. The military forces of Uganda and Burundi are also implicated in smuggling Coltan out of Congo for resale in Belgium. A report to the United Nations Security Council has called for a moratorium on purchase and import of resources from the Democratic Republic of Congo, due to the ongoing civil war that has dragged in the surrounding countries. 3. Toxics Waste disposal & Environmental Impact Persistent Bio accumulative toxins Persistent Bio accumulative toxins (PBTs) PBTs are particularly dangerous because they do not degrade over long periods of time, and can easily spread and move between air, water, and soil, resulting in the accumulation of toxins far from the original point source of pollution. Because PBTs accumulate in fatty issue of humans and animals, the toxins are gradually concentrated and are of great risk. Cell phone batteries Rechargeable batteries are rapidly changing as technological advances improve new power sources. Already 60% of rechargeable Batteries sold worldwide are used in cell phones. However, rechargeable currently have toxic constituents such as cadmium, as well as brominated flame-retardants. The total environmental impact from cell phone batteries depends on a batteries material composition as well as on the time cell phones are used before they are discarded. Therefore, many cell phone users replace their batteries at least once before retiring their phones Lead Lead is a highly poisonous metal affecting almost every organ and system in the body. It has been widely used in electronics as the primary method of attaching components to the printed wiring boards. Lead is a toxin to both humans and the environment. It is a common contaminant and can impact entire ecosystems. In humans, it affects the central nervous system, immune and vascular systems, kidneys, and the endocrine system, with serious effects on the development of children’s brains. Lead is also a possible carcinogen. It accumulates in the environment and has very high chronic and acute effects on microorganisms, plants, and animals. 4. Society In past few years, the boom in the usage of mobile phones has tremendously increased, a large percentage of which are children. With the advancement of technology with faster data rate and streaming videos, the youth has been given unlimited access to any contents on web. Restrictions should be established to prohibit children from accessing adult content. Also, mobile phones have been restricted to be used during driving as it has been one of the factors of road accidents. 4. COMPANY COMPARISON: APLLE vs. NOKIA How do these companies deal with environmental impacts? This part of the paper compared two companies in the cellular industry, Apple and Nokia, and how these firms deal with environmental impacts. Although Apple is not entirely a mobile devices producer, its only mobile phone, the iPhone, is very popular and widely sold. Nokia is a well known mobile devices producer, which was dominating the industry for a very long time. However, in past couple years they have faced tremendous difficulties catching up with the technological changes, and did not produce a â€Å"smart phone† in time. Despite their rapid losses in revenues, they still operate in this market, and one of their latest smart phones, the LUMIA 800, is very similar to the iPhone 4S. Both phones have similar hardware preferences and are comprised of similar materials. Now let’s take a look at which company is better off when it comes to sustainable business. Apple iPhone 4S Apple generally says that their products are brominated flame retardant – free, PVC – free, mercury – free, and that the glass they use is arsenic – free. All of these factors conclude in a positive result for Apple. Also, the iPhone releases a minimum of CO2 -gases. In fact, it releases only 1.2g of CO2-gases per hour, whereas a light bulb produces 48.4g per hour. This performance is due to the LED screen, as LED produces the least CO2 of all light sources. Furthermore, Apple has reduced the size of their packages of iPhones by 42%, which not only rapidly reduces the amount of materials necessary, but they can also ship 80% more boxes in each airline shipping container. That saves one 747 flight for every 371,250 units they ship. If you count in the amounts of fuel that is saved and add every aspect of this change together, it is clear that Apple’s Environmental Management is doing incredibly well. Their whole portfolio regarding environment is a p erfect marketing strategy. They claim that all of their products are fully recyclable. This also includes the power conservation, which in this case is a Lithium-Ion battery. This battery is efficient and long lasting, which eliminated the necessity to replace the battery often. Despite this, there is no way the battery can be removed from the phone without unscrewing the body of the phone, for which you need ultra thin screw drivers. Therefore, nobody can actually recycle these batteries themselves, unless they return it to Apple or give their phones to a recycling company. Despite all of these positive factors, Apple still operates this business using very irrational sales policies. They replace their products with twice as strong hardware every year and adapt the software to the new hardware, which makes the old products very slow and ultimately unable to use. This forces the customers to always buy the newest models, which eventually produces a lot of waste. Nokia LUMIA 800 Although Nokia now has very strong environmental reporting, this whole process started only after the crisis the company went through. Despite this, the LUMIA 800 proves to be a very sustainable product. In Nokia’s reports, it is stated that the phone is BFR-free and PVC-free. The company also states that this phone produces 16kg of CO2 emissions per constant 3 years of usage. Equally divided this yields 0.6g per hour of use, however this is not very reliable because it depends on the way these emissions are measured. When it comes to packaging, Nokia still uses the big boxes. After almost 15 years, they still use the same size of the boxes loaded with papers which contribute to a large amount of material waste. All in all, both companies provide very detailed information about their business ethics, and both rank positively. Apple as well as Nokia lay a great emphasis on improving the environmental aspects of their products and processes in each phase of the product life cycl e, from raw material acquisition till the end of the product’s useful life. Both companies state to have reduced their carbon footprint, while introducing new features and constantly improving their products. To conclude, it cannot be said which company performs better as each of them has its advantages and disadvantages. Taking all the above mentioned points into consideration, this paper aims to highlight the ethical issues of mobile phones. When buying a cell phone, most consumers do not even think about what impacts their choice can have on the environment; the same applies to the disposal after the end of life. There are estimated 5 billion cell phone users which should be made more aware of the potential hazards of mobiles. They can cause environmental and health issues, causing CO2-emissions which increase the carbon footprint. Therefore, in conclusion, the choice which cell phone to buy should not only be based on cost and technical factors but also include environmental aspects.

The Gay Lives of Frederick the Great and William Iii

The Gay Lives of Frederick the Great and William III Frederick the Great of Prussia and William III of the Dutch Republic were two well known great leaders of Europe. They lived decades apart, William from 1650 to 1702, and Frederick from 1712 to 1786, yet had uncannily similar lives, in many aspects. These leaders, because of a somewhat controversial past, have lost many important clues about what their lives were really like. Nonetheless, it is known for sure that both were knowledgeable, great military leaders, champions of justice, and very likely homosexual. One of the few dissimilarities between Frederick and William was the religion they were raised on, which of course was to influence the rest of their lives, particularly in philosophy. At a young age, William was sent to a Calvinist school which emphasized the Calvinist values like modesty and theory like predestination. Although his views were far from conservative, he did tend to dress more simply, and kept a very cool and reserved appearance. William also was born a week after his father's death, leaving him without a strong figure to emulate. If this had any effect on William, it was not apparent, for he firmly believed that he was destined for great things, and his diplomacy became one of his strongest skills. All of William's security in his childhood did not exist for Frederick. Frederick endured a horrible abusive childhood with his tyrannical father. Frederick was very well educated and a lover of all things French- art, philosophy and literature. He was a true dandy- he dressed ostentatiously, and did very fashionable things. He also had a very close male friend- Hans Hermann Von Katte who was about 8 years older. They ran away together, but what exactly their relationship was is unclear. Frederick was careful to destroy any evidence so as to escape his father's wrath. But it didn't work, Frederick's father had the two arrested, and very cruelly had Von Katte beheaded in front of Frederick's eyes. Frederick was bed-ridden and hallucinatory for days. William II also had a close friend, who fortunately did not suffer the same fate. Willem Bentick and William became inseperable at 14. They were so close that when William contracted smallpox, Willem shared his bed, as it was thought that another person with the sick person could draw away some of the disease. Willem and William remained very close, but preceding William's ascension to the throne, it was decided that he would need to be married. He married Mary Stuart, his cousin and daughter of the Duke of York, and very much disliked her. They were polar opposites: Mary wanted affection and was very emotional, while William had his stoic Calvinist mindset. It was sort of the reverse for Frederick: he had a very simple bride, Elizabeth Christine Brunswick, while he was more outgoing, sociable individual. Though the marriage was chosen by Frederick's father, the prince was obedient and understood the importance of the appearance of a strong union. In fact, Frederick had a younger, more openly gay brother who he â€Å"[forced]†¦ to marry ,'to save appearances'† (Dynes 429). Although their marriages were not ideal for either, both William and Frederick stayed with their wives until the end. Frederick coped by buying a palace for his wife; William actually grew to respect his wife and rely on her diplomatic charm. In fact, following her death in 1694 and later his in 1702, William â€Å"was found to be wearing Mary's wedding ring and a lock of her hair close to his heart† (William III). While both kings had decent marriages, Frederick and William were also known for their love of men. William's relationships were less well known, although it was common knowledge that William was interested in men. â€Å"There was a rumour that William was unfaithful to Mary. Her meddling English servants warned her that she would catch him emerging from the bedroom of one of her ladies, Elizabeth Villiers, in the early hours of the morning. There was a scene, with William trying to assure Mary that it was not how it looked†¦ Certainly William was no womaniser and, if anything, his sexual inclinations might have veered more towards young men† (William III) Frederick had many well known lovers. It is said that his father arranged his marriage with Christine to prove Frederick's heterosexuality in addition to producing an heir. Frederick, as a military leader, also was known to have relationships with his friends from the battlefield. Though, to his credit, he never allowed any relationships to interfere with his work or compromise his integrity. Perhaps Frederick's best known and interesting affair was with the famous French poet Voltaire. Frederick's love for French culture encouraged him to reach out to Voltaire, and in 1736 the 24 year old prince sent a letter to the 22 year old, already quite famous philosopher. Thus began their friendship, and they kept a close friendship, or possibly more throughout their lives. Still, there was a conflict of interest between them. Preceding Frederick's coronation, Voltaire â€Å"Never tired of comparing Frederick to Apollo, Alcibiades and the youthful Marcus Aurelius† (Strachey 170). But Voltaire wanted to see a peaceful, united Europe, and once Frederick took the throne of Prussia he seemed only interested in war. Frederick tried to keep Voltaire around, even offering him positions in the court as he still very much valued Voltaire's opinions. Voltaire and Frederick still exchanged writings, Frederick's work still often implying his sexual preferences. It became a problem when Frederick was on his deathbed, and he had Voltaire arrested for possessing his work. Voltaire was freed not to long after and went on to anonymously publish a book about Frederick, The Private Life of the King of Prussia, which was essentially an expose on Frederick's homosexuality. But by the time of Frederick's death, the two men were on very good terms, so much so that Voltaire was the first to coin him as â€Å"Frederick the Great†. William did not have a vengeful lover to put evidence of his same-sex love in the open. He was too diplomatic and calculating to allow for such things to happen. Although his tact left little evidence of his love life, it does tell a great deal about his philosophy about civil rights. Both William and Frederick were champions of civil rights. Furthermore, it would not be ridiculous to think that their homosexuality played a large part in shaping their views, expecially during a time when sodomites were being viciously punished. William was outright stubborn about defending the liberties of his people, which actually earned him the English crown in 1689. While in power, William championed religious freedom and people's rights. He created the Bill of Rights, which was one of the most important documents in English history, perhaps even the world. It forbid unfair taxation, it did not allow the government to infringe upon protest and it demanded a trial with fair, humane punishment for criminals. This document was the predecessor for other rights documents, including that of the United States. Likewise, in Prussia Frederick promoted religious tolerance, reduced harsh penalties and sentences, and even pardoned prisoners that held beliefs that he disagreed with. He encouraged the work of artists, musicians, scientists and philosophers to make Prussia a wholly great nation. Finally, and most well known are the two's military accomplishments. William led the Netherlands in a small united force against the French, and though it ultimately was defeated, it heavily drained French resources while keeping the Netherlands in tact. William also drove out James II of England which, as aforementioned, resulted in him obtaining the English Crown. William loved being on the battlefield, in fact â€Å"Too often he got stuck into the fighting when he should have been in the rear making decisions for the battlefield as a whole† (William III). He kept many of his war companions as his closest confidantes, often drawing criticism for making rulings on their advice and discussions. Whereas William had been more eye-level with his soldiers, Frederick ran his military with an iron rod. The frivolous, fun-loving man who passed so many laws concerning people's safety and rights tolerated nothing in his military. Disobedience and disloyalty meant painful and brutal physical repercussions. But he was able to defeat France and Russia in the Seven Years War, making Prussia a superpower and tripling its armed forces. And like William. Frederick risked his life on the front line, and too often came close to being killed. William III and Frederick II were two men, who, despite their very different upbringings, coincidentally ruled in two very similar styles. Frederick would have known of William III, in fact he had been very inspired by the Bill of Rights William created, but with very little contact they still led uncannily similar lives. It could be attributed to their similar lifestyles: two men that were devoted to their country and their duties, but also had their secrets to hide. Their homosexuality did probably contribute to their similitude, but it was their wit and strong-mindedness that led them both to unconventional and unexpectedly strong leadership. Works Cited Crompton, Louis. â€Å"Frederick the Great. Homosexuality & Civilization. Cambridge, MA: Belknap of Harvard UP, 2003. 505-12. Print. Dynes, Wayne R. , Warren Johansson, William A. Percy, and Stephen Donaldson. â€Å"Frederick II (The Great) of Prussia (1712-1786). † Encyclopedia of Homosexuality. New York: Garland Pub. , 1990. 428-29. Print. Strachey, Lytton. â€Å"Voltaire and Frederick the Great. † Books and Characters, French & English,. New York: H arcourt, Brace and, 1922. 167-99. Print. Waller, Maureen, David Onnekink, and Jason McElligot. â€Å"William III. † BBC – Homepage. BBC. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. .

A Brief History Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay

A Brief History Of E Commerce Information Technology Essay Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the term used for any type of business or commercial transaction that involves the transfer of products, services and information over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. The trader and customer are not face to face at any point during these transactions, the business being conducted remotely, regardless of location. E-commerce covers a range of different types of businesses, from consumer based retail sites, through auction or music sites, to business exchanges trading goods and services between corporations. It is currently one of the most important aspects of the Internet to emerge. Almost all big retailers have electronic commerce presence on the World Wide Web. Although most electronic commerce involves the transportation of physical items in one way or another, a large percentage of e-commerce is conducted entirely electronically for virtual items, such as access to certain information on a website, purchasin g software or other on-line services. E-business is a superset of e-commerce   [ 1 ]   . Electronic commerce is generally considered to be the sales aspect of e-business. It also consists of the exchange of data to facilitate the financing and payment aspects of the business transactions. E-commerce can be mainly divided into Business-to-Business electronic commerce (B2B) and Business-to-Consumer electronic commerce (B2C). B2B implies that both sellers (suppliers) and buyers are business corporations, while B2C implies that buyers are individual consumers. Business-to-business e-commerce is significantly different from business-to-consumer e-commerce. While B2C merchants sell on a first-come, first-served basis, most B2B commerce is done through negotiated contracts that allow the seller to anticipate and plan for how much the buyer will purchase. In some cases B2B is not so much a matter of generating revenue as it is a matter of making connections with business partners. 1.1.1 . B2B e-commerce B2B e-commerce requires the technological sharing of information among supplies, retailers, distributors, and other interested parties to create electronic relationships. B2B e-commerce does not just comprise the transaction via the Internet, but also the exchange of information before and the service after a transaction. From the purchasing company’s point of view, B2B e-commerce is a medium for facilitating procurement management by reducing the purchase price and the cycle time.   [ 2 ]    The key players usually include selling and buying companies, deliverers, and often some type of electronic intermediaries, or third-party service providers. These associations can take many forms, yet most fall into three models. These models are classified depending on who controls the marketplace: the supplier, the buyer or the intermediary: (a) In a Supplier-Oriented Marketplace: many buyers face few suppliers. (b) In a Buyer-Orientated Marketplace: few buyers fa ce many suppliers. (c) In an Intermediary-Oriented Marketplace: many buyers face many suppliers. A) Supplier-Oriented Marketplace Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces offer a group of customers a wide spectrum of products and services and also support them in their own business. The markets can involve proprietary auctions, bid systems, and exchanges. By using Supplier-Oriented Marketplaces, suppliers are offered new types of market channels in marketing and distribution. Products can be sold directly to the customer without using intermediaries. Most manufacture-driven electronic stores use this form of market place. Successful examples of this business model are e.g. Dell and Cisco.   [ 3 ]   Both Dell and Cisco sold and sell their products via the Internet. However, not only Dell and Cisco use the Supplier-Oriented Marketplace, there are thousands of other companies using this model. Cisco’s main business is providing electronic support using the Internet. The main applicati ons are software downloads, defect tracking and technical advice. Cisco’s business model also includes customer service and finding order status, as well as selling routers, switches and other network interconnect devices.

Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Case study analysis - Essay Example But if one can get an established unit in its chosen field the combined entity can take off within a couple of years after due integration. Adding a new dimension to the issue Paul Tiffany, adjunct professor of management at Wharton and senior lecturer at the University of California's Haas School of Business in Berkeley, says that the global steel consolidation has an unfamiliar ring, he notes "It's interesting that the consolidation in the steel industry is driven not by market opportunity but by the threat of the The most dramatic change in Indian business in the past decade has been the surge in ambition. Take Ratan Tata, the Mumbai-based tycoon who won the race to buy Britain's Corus Group, beating his Brazilian rival Benjamin Steinbruch in a fiercely contested auction. British Steel and the Dutch group Hoogovens merged in 1999 to become the largest steel makers in Europe because they felt the necessity to out-grow their national geography. With the passage of time the same company felt that they need a global presence. As stated by Corus chief executive Jim Leng that Corus now felt it was "no longer sufficient to be European. This is a global industry," he said. "We have got to respond with passion, but with commercial passion. It's not about big companies and small companies, it's a matter of being globally commercial." (Knowledge@Wharton). "We want to expand into geographies where, as a group, we can have a meaningful presence. First, we have chosen countries where we felt we could make an impact and, secondly, where we are able to participate, as we have in India, in the development of that country. When you visit a country or examine Gopi 3 a particular company, I think you intuitively know if there's an opportunity, and then you flesh out that opportunity in one form or other. If we get to the stage of justifying assembly or manufacturing operations, we will seek either to contract them or to invest in facilities in that country." (Interview with Ratan Tata in India Today Magazine issue dated November 6, 2006). In takeover parlance big sharks swallow up the small sharks. But in this case a small shark has swallowed a shark almost five times its size. It is the biggest international acquisition so far by an Indian company, and it coincided with Tata Steel's 100th anniversary. It will also be the Tata Group's 22nd foreign acquisition in two years. The Corus takeover catapults Tata Steel from its 65th place among global steel producers to the No 5 spot in the hierarchy of steel makers with a combined capacity of 23.5 million tons. Others ahead of it are Arcelor-Mittal (110 million tons), Japan's Nippon Steel (32 million tons), South Korea's Posco (30.5 million tons) and JFE of Japan (29.9 million tons). Excluding Corus, Tata Steel has plans to raise its Indian capacity to 30 million tons by 2015 through Greenfield projects. Tata Steel managing director B. Muthuraman said in a statement after the January 31 deal

Human Resource Planning and Organizational Strategy Research Paper

Human Resource Planning and Organizational Strategy - Research Paper Example As such, human resource planning activities complements strategic development and implementation (Plunkett et. al., 2013). Human resource planning is the element of the staffing process that involves the assessment of an organization’s employees, predicts future needs and examines the need to retain or add employees. Recruitment involves identifying qualified potential employees. The element of selection has to do with examining candidates and hiring the ones who are best qualified and suitable for the job. In orientation, newly hired employees are acquainted with the environment within the organization. Training and development is the element of the staffing process that involves equipping employees with new knowledge, skills and competencies to facilitate and improve their performance. Through performance appraisal, the human resource management devises ways of assessing how well employees do in their jobs and how to reward them. Compensation is an important element of the staffing process that helps set employees’ payments and benefits. Employment decisions are the eighth element of sta ffing process that helps determine which employees are to be fired, laid off or promoted (Nelson & Public Library Association, 2008). The element of human resource planning corresponds to the human resource planning activity of assessing an organization’s staffing needs. Staffing process’ element of recruitment exemplifies one of the most important activities of human resource planning of getting new employees for the organization. Selection and orientation are the steps that follow the human resource planning activity of assessing the organization’s staffing needs. The human resource activity of budgeting complements the elements of the staffing process including training and development, performance appraisal and compensation. The element of employment decisions is encompassed

International Relation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Relation 2 - Essay Example One of these books is An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolome de las Casas (2003). In this text, he focuses on the genocide and greed of the Spaniards. He argues that Christians have killed so many native souls, because of their materialistic passion for gold and goal of making themselves rich in a very short time. de las Casas makes sense of the Spanish war in the Americas as a brutal strategy for pursuing purely materialistic purposes. The particular view of history he uses is that of a polemicist, where he criticizes the barbaric approach of the Spaniards against the Indians. Furthermore, he is guilty of representing the Americas as utopia, and his descriptions and history present problems of self-biases and inaccuracies, since he is also advancing his own interests of promoting colonization for evangelical purposes. de las Casas makes sense of the Spanish war in the Americas as an atrocious strategy for pursuing purely materialistic purposes. F or many Spaniards, the new world promises wealth, fame, and distinction, even for priests, but upon arrival there, de las Casas realizes that the Spaniards are not after noble purposes. First, de las Casas takes account of the millions of natives killed, because Spaniards launched widespread genocide. de las Casas does not use the term genocide, but he describes islands with vanished populations, which remarks of the genocidal practices of the Spaniards. He says: â€Å"As to the firm land, we are certainly satisfied, and assur’d, that the Spaniards by their barbarous and execrable Actions have absolutely depopulated Ten Kingdoms, of greater extent than all Spain† and even â€Å"together with the Kingdoms of Arragon and Portugal, that is to say, about One Thousand Miles, which now lye wast [sic] and desolate†¦above Fifty Millions in all paid their debts† (7). The colonization originally aims to spread civilization, Christianity, and expand the Spanish Kingdo m, but de las Casas witnesses something less purer. He stresses that Christian Spaniards are motivated to kill by the millions, with such viciousness, because of aspirations of wealth and power: â€Å"Now the ultimate end and scope that incited the Spaniards to endeavor the Extirptation [sic] and Desolation of this People, was Gold only; that thereby growing opulent in a short time† they could be attain â€Å"Degrees and Dignitaries† that were â€Å"no ways consistent with their Persons† (8). These accounts show that materialism had driven the motive for so many senseless deaths that de las Casas capitalized on. The particular view of history that de las Casas uses is that of a polemicist, where he disparages the barbaric approach of the Spaniards against the Indians (Boyer 365). Boyer says: â€Å"[An Account, Much Abbreviated, of the Destruction of the Indies]†¦ represents Las Casas the polemicist and pamphleteer, belonging to that portion of his oeuvre t hat can be characterized as politicized and politicizing rhetoric, in contrast to the longer pieces like the Historia de las Indias† (365). This view demonstrates that de las Casas writes about the history of the Incas from the biased point of polemics, where he argues for better treatment of the natives, thereby acting as an intermediary between the Indians and the monarchy. He comes across to his audience by using more of pathos or emotions to depict

Comparison and Differences between Date Positivism and Post-Positivism Assignment

Comparison and Differences between Date Positivism and Post-Positivism Concepts - Assignment Example Post-positivism is the exact rejection of the tenets that supported positivism. Having been coined after the original idea, post-positivism recognizes that the observable world has a connection between what scientists think and work. This implies that there is no difference between the scientific reasoning and the common sense reasoning. To verify observable phenomena in science, procedures are followed. This, therefore, means that in the scientific verifications, something beyond the measurable and observable, in this case, knowledge is achieved (Giddens & Sutton, 2010). To the sociology research today, the two concepts are important in that they guide the search for scientific answers. Whereas the positivist view of research holds that science should measure the observable in the search for truth, the post-positivist view of the same is that all measurements have an error and is fallible. This means that deeper inquiry is required to ensure that science holds steadfast the goal of getting it right about what is measured in research. The order perspective is based on the belief that the society is held close by shared principles and concepts. These concepts are responsible for the social consensus that is observed in any society. The cohesion and interdependence of the people in the society are a secured by the shared norms and beliefs (organic and mechanical solidarity). Conflicts according to this perspective arise from new perspectives that come to intrude the normal perceptions of beliefs and concepts. In the light of this perspective, structural approach to social work aims at maintaining the social prestige with little if any interference with the social structures and the related stability (Turner, 2012). The conflict perspective, on the other hand, is based on the concept of power and inequality in the society. As a result, the cohesion that exists in a society is unhealthy and not supposed to be maintained.

Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 5

Economic - Essay Example This has caused increase in demand for Iron-ore to carry out the firms production and produce the resulting output. Price is derived by the crossing of supply and demand. (Figure 3) The resultant market price is dependent upon both of these basic components of a market. A transaction of goods or services will occur when so ever buyers and sellers can agree on a certain price. When a transaction occurs, the agreed upon price is called the "market clearing price† or "equilibrium price". As the population of China has grown, the demand for minerals and metals has risen. This has pushed the price of iron ore (and complementary products) up and also spurred the development of iron, accelerating the quantity of iron supplied as well. We can see the demand increase in Figure 1 below, that represents an increase in the demand of iron-ore. In the figure, supply and demand have been short formed as S and D. Demand begins at D1 and is moves to D2 provided that supply remains the same. We see that the equilibrium price even increases from p1 to p2, and the quantity moves from q1 to q2. The figure clearly shows that increase in demand for iron ore would clearly cause an increase in price. As the quantity of iron ore increases so would the resultant price provided supply remains constant. In order to meet the increasing demand the quantity of iron ore production would even have to be increased. An increase in supply results about from a decrease in the marginal cost as like the marginal cost of production. As a result, an increased in production is represented by a line to the right on the supply and demand graph. The effects of an increase in production are illustrated in Figure 2. The supply line goes from S1 to S2 that represents a lesser marginal cost. Moreover in this case, the quantity also rises from q1 to q2 and price falls from p1to p2. As the demand of

BUS303 MODULE 2 LP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

BUS303 MODULE 2 LP - Essay Example I actually commend the University for according students with the opportunity to make partial payments through accomplishing a Promissory Note form, which is to be secured from the Dean’s office prior to major examinations. Since my financial sources were not enough, I secured the form and lined up at the Cashier to make a partial payment. After about 30 minutes of queuing, the system experienced technical difficulties and those in line were told to either wait, try to pay through an authorized bank, or return the next day. The follow day, I directly went to the cashier; and true to her word, accepted my partial payment. I proceeded to the registrar to validate the payment and secure my examination permit, only to be told that the Promissory Note (PN) needed to be signed first at the Dean’s office. When I went to the Dean’s office, the line of students securing the signature on their respective PNs was longer than the eyes could see. After a patient wait and when one’s turn was due, the authorized signatory informed me that I needed to pay an additional $xxx amount; otherwise, I would not be given an exam permit despite the amount that I already paid. I had to go back to the Cashier, have the PN signed, return to the registrar and finally secure the exam permit. It would have been so much easier to have communicated all the payment protocols during orientation; or to have a flowchart of procedures posted near the Cashier and Accounting Offices. I hereby enjoin University personnel in charge of creating policies and procedures to publish payment protocols and avoid students queuing and being referred back to departments to secure signatures or make additional payments, which are fairly easy to comply with explicitly disseminated guidelines. This would likewise facilitate payment and collection and avoid unnecessary returns. Hoping for your immediate action in this regard. In writing the persuasive memo, the guidelines in writing persuasive

Chinese Immigration Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Chinese Immigration - Assignment Example The vast open spaces, the lack of social and class distinctions, the dynamic tempo of our growth, the westward progression, and the mobility of the population promoted the acceptance of the newcomer2. In times of crisis such as wars or economic depressions, the moving equilibrium might be disturbed. Immigrants’ movements created tensions around the presence of the foreigner, but at least until the latter decades of the nineteenth century, these tensions were usually dissolved by accommodation on a new level without restrictive legislation. The American Constitution made the United States the first national state to proclaim the principle that there should be no religious test for office holding. Furthermore, only the President was required by the Constitution to be native-born. The Federal government, as a matter of policy, utilized the principle of religious freedom to stimulate immigration. A guarantee of religious freedom had been included in the ordinance for governing the Northwest Territory, partly in the hope that it would stimulate migration into that region3. Similar to other immigrants, See’s a grandmother and her family occupied a low paid job and low social class position4. She worked at a Chinese underwear factory. It is not surprising that the changes in American society after 1890 affected attitudes toward the immigrant and that a strong movement for the restriction of immigration.

Travel literature Essay Example for Free

Travel literature Essay Travel literature took place around the 19th century. It was also known as the Augustan Age, the Age of Enlightens or the Neo Classical Age. The art of journeying is a process of self-discovery and to discover new destination, culture and place.During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, traveling became very popular. The Europeans especially the Portuguese, Dutch, English and Spanish started to explore new places in the East. The first expedition to the east was conquered by the Portuguese. In November 1497, Vasco da Gama led the first major European excursion into the Indian Ocean at Cape of Good Hope which was the gateway to South East Asia. The second expedition was led by Alfonso de Albuquerque who extended their power eastwards by gaining control of Malacca in 1511. When the Portuguese first arrived at the beginning of the sixteenth century, the leading emporium of western South-East Asia was Malacca. It continued the practice of other great ports of earlier years where ships from India, China and Java converged on Malacca. They usually will not come at the same time because each group had to plan an inward and a return voyage to fit the seasonal changes of the monsoon winds. The cultural observations made by various writers are what I am going to discuss and it is based on J.M. Gullicks Adventures and Encounters in South East Asia. The two stories that I have chosen to discuss are King Mongkut faces the Camera by John Thomson and Sultan Yusuf faces the Death and Turns Back by Hugh Clifford. John Thomson is a professional photographer who made his appearance in the second half of the nineteenth century. John Thomson (1837-1921) is a Scotsman, who arrived in Singapore in 1862 to join his brother William in the business of watchmaker and photographer. His travels brought him to Bangkok in 1865, and then went to Cambodia to take photographs of the ruins of Angkor Watt. Later he set up his business in Hong Kong and from there made trips to China to take photographs. He became a fashionable photographer in the West End of London, in later part of his life. Thomsons most reliable and outstanding writing was when he had a trip to Bangkok during the reign of King Mongkut (r.1851-68), where he photograph the palace and the king. John Thomson has talked about many cultural observations in his passage called King Mongkut Faces the Camera. Throughout his observations, Thomson has always compares the Local Culture to his own Home Culture. The Home Culture has become a kind of yardstick for his view and reasoning about the Local Culture. After Thomson was better acquainted with Krum-mun-alongkot, he was introduced to his family circle. He had, I believe, sixteen wives, although I never saw more than twelve at a time; some of these were young and pretty.1 The wives were usually engaged in embroidery. They also practiced the habit of chewing betel-nuts and smoking cigarettes. The children on the other hand were also born with cigarettes in their mouths2 According to John Thomson, he actually saw a child leaving its mothers breast for a smoke. In this observation of his, Thomson uses his Home Culture as a yardstick for the reason and view of the local culture. Therefore, he disapproves the idea of more wives, smoking cigarettes and chewing betel-nuts which cannot be found in his culture and consider that the westerns are more civilized. He even regards it as a pity by saying; I thought it a pity to see them smoking cigarettes, or chewing betel-nuts, the teeth blackened with the incrustation and their mouths disfigured with blood-red juice; they also perforce a nasty habit of spitting into golden vases which their slaves help up dutifully for the purpose.3 He regards their behavior has pity because as a member of the royal family, they are not portraying or setting a good example for others. Usually high rank monarchs set a good example to the public. On top of this, the idea of the children who were born with the cigarettes in their mouths is also considered uncivilized. Children at such a young age should not be exposed to bad habits like this. They are to be brought up in a healthy environment and thought the rightful things in life. Thomson also disapproves the way the servants were treated. They have to hold the golden vases for their mistress to spit their betel-nuts juice and crowd in their hands and knees behind their masters. Around his singular figure were grouped a number of his attendants and slaves, who crowded reverently on their hands and knees and they had also perforce a nasty habit of spitting into golden vases which their slaves help up dutifully for the purpose.4 Thomson regards the servant as Slaves because they do not have a social stand in the society. They are treated like slaves and when Thomson saw this, it came as a shock to him. Again, he finds it an uncivilized behaviour compared to his own country. I think that Thomson did not give a fair description on this matter because he is judging based on his home culture and therefore it has become a yardstick for his reason and view. He did not spend much time in Thai to observe and learn about the culture. He only comments on his observation through his short stay in Thai. He did not take the trouble to find out why they are practicing it. In other words Thomson is trying to affirm his superiority by saying the West is more civilized than the East. According to Thomsons point of view, Thai was a much modernized country. This is pictured through the observation that was done in the palace. The room in which we were received was filled with foreign machinery, scientific instruments and articles of domestic use. ..there was a telegraphic machine, backed by a statue of Buddha..There were also watch tools, turning-lathes and telescopes, guitars, tom-toms, fiddles and hand-saws; while betel-nut boxes, swords, spears, and shoe-brushes, rifles, revolvers, Windsor-soap, rat-paste, brass wire and beer bottles, were mingled in heterogeneous confusion.5 Although the Siamese have all the modern equipment with them yet they do not know how to use it or the purposes of it. They only display it to show that they too posses it. For example, in one corner there was a telegraphic machine, backed by a statue of Buddha.6 This shows that they do not know how to use a telegraphic machine and just display it like a statue of Buddha. From this passage we know that the Thai are very ignorant to the foreign instrument and Thomson feels what they really need is a practical use of knowledge. They simply accept the modernization with out knowing its practical usage. According to Thomson, the Thai monarch believes that by doing miracle to the country, the people will look up at him and he can become a very powerful person. In this point of view, Thomson has managed to give a fair and objective view of the Thai who are so ignorant in using the modern equipment. They simply display it without knowing its purpose. For example the entire room was filled with modern equipment together with betel-nut boxes, swords, spears and shoe-brushes7. This clearly shows that the Thai did not have any knowledge on the use of the equipment and they simply put it together with other unwanted or unimportant items. The idea of appropriation is due to the process of post colonial which takes over the local culture. Although Thai has never been colonilized by any foreign forces, yet it has the influence of westernization through the impact of modernization of the country by King Mongkut. Therefore the idea of appropriation has been adopted by the local people and it has a great impact in the local culture. The idea of appropriation in the Thai culture can be seen through many aspects such in the Siamese Kings English and also in the hybrid image of the Siamese Women. The idea of appropriating is to take one as its own. Therefore when the king of Thai speaks his Siamese English, we can say that he is appropriating the English. This is because, he not only mixing his own Thai language with the English but also speaks bad English. Mr Town-shun, ..Ah! you are Scotchman, and speak English I can understand; there are Englishmen here who have not understanding of their own language when I speak.8 The Siamese kings English is not only very amusing to the readers but also becomes as an dramatic irony because the king does not realize that he speaks bad English and at the same time was commenting to Thomson about his own Englishmen who could not understand their own language when he speaks. Therefore, what Thomson is trying to say is the West is appropriating the East by colonization yet here the king of Siam is appropriating the English by thinking that he speaks good English compare to the Englishmen and does not realize that his English is bad. The Siamese women who were trying to mimic the western ladies draws the attention of Thomson. The imitations of English ladies were particularly ludicrous, for while the contrast between the graceful, modest native costumes and the huge crinoline and chignon of the West, could not fail to strike every beholder.9 Thomson totally disapproves the idea of the Thai women who were trying to imitate the English women. According to him, it losses its value and draws the contras. He like the Siamese ladies to be Siam and not to mimicry the foreigners. The Siamese women dressed in western style create a hybrid image. It does not portray their culture and belongings. Therefore, the both examples that were mentioned above, Thomson has given a fair judgment and how it reflects a negative view on the Thai culture. The hair cutting ceremony or also known as coming to age ceremony is also an official ceremony carried out to the young Prince who has come to the throne. It is also known as the Tonsure or So-Kan Festival. I afterwards attended the great Tonsure Festival, or So-Kan, as the Siamese call it, when the heir-apparent, Prince Chowfa Chul-along-korn, who has since come to the throne, was deprived of the pride, pomp and circumstance of a sacred Brahminical rite.10 Thomson describes every procedure in full detail and in each he gives a full description of what was going on. He also gives a very positive and objective view of the local custom and culture which was carried out. Within the grounds of the first kings place, there is a large paved quadrangle ..known as mount Khrai-lat, and bearing a tiny shrine upon its summityoung Prince thrice around the sacred mount khrai-lat. Later two ladies, who was waiting belowbathe his feet in a silver urn. Thence he betakes himself to a temple hard by, where the top-knot is solemnly removed.11 Thomson gives a full description of the entire ceremony from the beginning to the end. He even commons by saying The entire ceremony is long and tedious and I was the only European who witnessed this important part of the Brahminical ceremony.12 In his observations on the hair cutting ceremony, Thomson has not only given a very lengthy description of the ceremony and its importance but also marks his present as a very important one. In this aspect, Thomson has list down his observation which was very unique to him. This was something new to him and he was so amused by it. He give a lengthy description about the entire observation and it gives the readers a better view of what a hair cutting ceremony is all about. Thomson was requested to company Krum-mun-alongkot a chief astronomer and the king Mongkuts royal brother. Thomson notices that he was dressed, when at home, in a light jacket, much too small to cover him and wore a band of silk around his loins. His shrunken limbs were bare and his feet encased in richly-embroidered slippers; but on other occasions, when he paid me a visit, for example, he assumed much more ample and costly attire.13 For a foreigner like Thomson, to see a monarch with Bare Limbs comes as a cultural shock. This is because the royal families in the west are very well dressed and very formal at all times. They do not choose to dress freely as they wish at home and quite formal for occasion. Therefore when Thomson saw Krum-mun-alongkot, in two different ways, it was like a kind of shock to him . Although kind and hospitable, the Prince was not a man calculated to inspire awe into his beholders.14 Indirectly, it also suggests that Thomson was affirming his superiority compare to the Thais. Therefore, he affirmers that although the Thai monarchs are kind and hospitable yet it does not give any positive impression about them compare to the westerns. In this point of view, I totally disagree with Thomson because he did not give a fair judgment. In the Asian society each country has its own traditional costume. Therefore, the Prince attire of a short jacket and silk might be their traditional costume and the Prince might be comfortable with it. Therefore, Thomson can not make his judgment comparing the Prince attire to his own monarch who dressed more formally. Hugh Clifford came much later and became a legendary figure. He had begun his colonial career at the age of seventeen. In a period of conflict between Malay resistance in Pahang and colonial expansion, he rose rapidly to the senior ranks of the government, becoming a Resident when he was under thirty five. He was then suspected to be poisoned but recovered to pursue a more prosaic middle career in other British colonies. In 1927 he realized his long cherished hope of returning to Malaya as governor. However, within a couple of years he was disabled by insanity which lasted to his death in 1941. Clifford was a prolific writer and often a powerful one. He likes to write about the Malay aristocratic and the village life of the Malay states in the late 19th century. One of his personal experiences with the local is Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. Hugh Clifford like wise John Thomson has talked about much cultural observation especially about the Malay aristocratic and the village life of the Malay States. His close relationship with the local monarchs is pictured in Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. Cliffords point of view on the cultural observations can be divided into some subtopic as well. In Cliffords passage called Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back, the sultan of Perak called Sultan Yusuf was afflicted by a tumor of the brain, which the European doctors predicted would be fatal. However Sultan Yusuf and many of his Malay subjects, believe that his illness was the result of a curse laid upon him by Megat Pandia ( a withchdoctor).15 In the Malay society, top priorities are given to superstitious believe. In the passage of Sultan Yusuf, although the European doctors have confirmed that Sultan Yusuf is afflicted with brain tumor and predicted that he might live a day or two yet the locals did not believe it and think that his sickness is caused by a curse laid upon him by a witchdoctor called Megat Pandia due to some money problem. So, to break the spell upon Sultan Yusuf, a local medicine-man is called to perform the ceremony. So the medicine-men pattered charms and exorcisms unceasingly; and when the fits seized the King, the most daring and the most mendacious among them would cry out that he beheld the Bajang ( the Familiar One) and his horrible spouse the Lang Suir (the Weird Kite-Hag) sitting over against the body of their victim.16 After the medicine-man has performed his ceremony, the Sultan slowly regains conscious and started to live a normal life. Later, Clifford also explains that on the same day Megat Pandia was found death and the cause of his death is natural. Although we find it hard to believe of what had happen to Megat Pandia and Sultan Yusuf, yet the events that took place shows that the presents of supernatural elements are true and believable especially in the case of Sultan Yusuf. Hugh Clifford has given us of his personal observation and not his opinion. Therefore, although it is unbelievable, yet because he himself encounters it and have lived with the Malay society for many years, make us accepts his point of view which comes as a fact. According to the observation done by Clifford, the sickness of the King also became a national crisis. When the King falls sick, the people too felt the pain. According to Clifford, the people gathered around the balai where the King was laid to see, touch and feel by pressing their hand on him for the last time. Then we, who sat nearest to him, laid violent hands upon him to restrain his struggles and to shampoo his tortured limbsthey made this part of their duty serve as an occasion for touching and pressing the hands of one or another of the young Rajas whose devotion to their dying monarch.17 From the small description, Clifford has made the readers realize of how the Malay society thinks highly on the King and country. Clifford has explained to us of how they show their respect by spending their nights beside the Kings bed by shampooing him to restrain his struggles. Through this small passage, Clifford has made us realize how the locals are so loyal and faithful to their King. Through this, he has managed to give a fair and objective view of the local culture. There are also some minor aspects that Clifford has touch in the passage called Sultan Yusuf Faces Death and Turns Back. The influence of Islamic aspects is very much clear in their daily life. The locals are very much adapted to the religious terms like Ya Allah! Ya Tuhan- Ku and Lam-alif. Lam- alif here refers to a letter the wedded consonant and vowel which forms the first portion of the profession of Muhammadan faith.18 Lam-alif is a kind of holy word that often used when someone is in the sick bed. According to Clifford who has mentioned how Sultan Yusuf who was in the process of dying, confess Lam-alif At Last he said, Guru, I behold the Lam-alif!.19 This shows how the locals have adopted to the term that has become a part of their daily life and culture. Chewing betel-nuts also become a culture of the locals. Clifford has made an observation on this, when Sultan Yusufs guru smiled. The gurus smile widened till his red, betel-stained gash of a mouth extended almost from ear to ear.20 This shows how frequently they chew betel-nuts. Like wise in Siam, it is also a part of the Malay tradition to chew betel-nuts. From the above description, we can say that Clifford has observed very closely of the Malay culture and give an objective view of their practice and living style. As a result, the cultural observation done by John Thomson on King Mongkut faces the Camera and Hugh Cliffords Sultan Yusuf Faces the death and Turns Back has come out with their own perception and view. John Thomson gives his fair judgment in the things he agrees and eventually disagrees when he finds something that is contrast or that is unacceptable. For example he admires King Mongkut and the way he was dressed. I must confess that I felt much impressed by his appearance, as I had never been in the presence of an anointed sovereign before.. His dress was a robe of spotless white;I was admiring the simplicity and purity of this attire.21 Thomson being very frank by saying how he feels about certain things. In another example, when he finds the women are mimicry the western ladies, he gives a negative point of view. The imitations of English ladies were particularly ludicrous.22 Through out Thomsons observation in Siam is based on his Home Culture and therefore he agrees to certain accepts and disagrees in others. Where else in the Hugh Cliffords passage called Sultan Yusuf faces the death and Turns Back, he has given a full description of his personal observation only. Hugh Clifford did not make any commandments or give his personal opinion on his observation. His observations are mainly of what he sees. He gave two different account on the situation the leave it to the readers to judge and make their own stand between the death of the Sultan. The Europeans doctors explained that the growth of the tumor on the Kings brain had been suddenly arrested and the case was quoted as one of the unparallel interest but the Malays say that the King went near to lose his life at the hands of Megat Pendias Familiar.23 WORK CITED 1. Gullick J. M. , Adventures and Encounters Europeans in South East Asia, Oxford University Press, New York,1995. 2. Coedes G. , The Indianised States of Southest Asia, East West Center Press, Honolulu, 1968. 3. Pratt Mary Louise, Imperial Eyes, Travel Writing and Transculturation, Routledge, London, 1992. 4. Spurr David, The Rhetoric of Empire, Duke University Press, London. 1933. 5. Lecture Notes. 6. www.yahoo.com 1 Gullick J.M, Adventures and Encounters Europeans in South East Asia, Oxford University Press, New York,1995. Pg 84. 2 Ibid. Pg. 84 3 Ibid. Pg.84 4 Ibid. Pg. 82 and 84 5 Ibid. Pg. 82 and 83 6 Ibid. Pg. 82 7 Ibid. Pg. 83 8 Ibid. Pg. 84 9 Ibid. Pg. 88 10 Ibid. Pg. 87 11 Ibid. Pg. 87 and 89 12 Ibid. Pg. 89 13 Ibid. Pg. 82 14 Ibid. Pg. 82 15 Ibid. Pg. 96 and 97 16 Ibid. Pg. 100 17 Ibid. Pg. 99 18 Ibid. Pg. 102 19Ibid. Pg. 102 20 Ibid. Pg. 101 21 Ibid. Pg. 85 22 Ibid. Pg. 88 23 Ibid. Pg. 105

Research Methodology Essay Example for Free

Research Methodology Essay This chapter provides a description of the methods and procedure used in the study. The readers will be enlightened on how the researchers conducted this study. This compromises the methods and instruments that were used in data gathering, the respondents, the data gathering procedures and the statistical treatment of data. Research Method The descriptive method was chosen for this study because this looks at the phenomenon of the moment and then describes precisely what the researchers observed. This method is used to draw perceptions from the respondents. Descriptive research method refers to the method of collecting data for the purpose of describing existing conditions and situations or objective or people without their being influence by the investigator. (Guevarra, E and Nueva, F., 2003) There are two main sources of data, which are the primary and secondary. The primary sources of data were the responses of the respondents of Barangay San Miguel, Iriga City who gave their honest and accurate response with regard to the Effect of Socio-Cultural Activities. Respondents. The respondents of the study were composed of families residing at San Francisco, Iriga City. No. Of Respondents Percentage The data above presents the data of the respondents used in the study while the researchers were distributing the questionnaire to the respondents, at the same time, they took the opportunity to make follow up questions through a random, unstructured interview. Data Gathering Tools The researchers used a questionnaire checklist as a tool in gathering data. The questionnaire was constructed from the readings conducted by the researchers and from the internet.  Questionnaire. The first part is the personal data sheet, which was used to identify the respondents and their characteristics. The second part is the identification the Effects of Socio-Cultural Activities to Irigueà ±os. The third part is the Socio-Cultural activity that helps the economic growth of Iriga City. Fourth part is the proposed action plan to improve the Socio-Cultural Activities in Iriga City. Lastly, the fifth part is the statements of recommendations, which will allow the respondents to rank according to priority, give them the opportunity to suggest additional recommendations for the further improvement of Socio-Cultural Activities being provided to Irigueà ±os. Preparation of the Questionnaire. Using all the data gathered from related articles and readings about the Effects of Socio-Cultural Activities and after identifying all the activities that affects to Irigueà ±os, the researchers uses the said activities in building up questions and procedures that are necessary to know the effects of each activities. Validation of Questionnaire. For the validation of the questionnaire, a draft questionnaire was presented to the adviser for correction and revision. The revised copy was prepared for approval and a dry run followed by distributing to five advisers and twenty students who acted as respondents in order to check for its clarity and objectivity. A final copy of the tool was reproduced for distributions to the respondents. Administration and retrieval of the questionnaire. A formal request to undertake the study was sought from Barangay Captain to conduct the study among the target respondents. During the retrieval of the questionnaires, the researchers conducted informal interview to the respondents. The results of which were used to supplement to primary data. Data was then tabulated, organized, analyzed, and interpreted quantitatively. Unstructured Interview. The unstructured interview was conducted by the researchers to substantiate the finding gathered through questionnaires. It was done to have a direct conversation with the respondents Library Technique. The library technique was likewise be utilized in order to gather pertinent information from books, journals, thesis, dissertations and other existing document-based researches. Likewise, the researcher also gathered information available in  the internet which shows bearing to the research.

Definition Of Food Advertising Marketing Essay

Definition Of Food Advertising Marketing Essay Advertising which is one type of marketing activity (McCall KL, 2003). Besides that, based on (Chris Fill, 2006) mention that no matter on international, national, local or direct basis, is important, because it can affect audiences by informing or reminding them of the existence and awareness of a brand, or alternatively by persuading or helping them differentiate a product or organization and comparison from others competitors in the market. The media usually used by food advertisers and marketer, Television which the largest single source of channel that promo food messages to children (Gallo AE, 1999). Television viewing starts from young, US children around the ages of 2 to 4 years normally view 2 hours of television daily; this increases to more than 3.5 hours near the end of primary school, then decrease to around 2.75 hours in late adolescence (Roberts DF, Foehr UG, Rideont VJ, Brodie M, 1999). US children who in low-income families and fewer youth tend more like to watch television (Roberts DF, Foehr UG, Rideont VJ, Brodie M, 1999; Gentile DA, Walsh DA, 2002). Therefore, Food is very often advertised product category on US childrens television and food advertise account for more than 50% of all advertise are targeting children (Gamble M, Cotunga N, 1999; Kotz K, Story M, 1994; Coon KA, Tucker KL, 2002; Taras HL, Gage M, 1995 ). Internet US Census data shows that the year between 1998 and 2001 was increase from 51% to 75% of US adolescents (ages 14-17 years) are using the Internet and increase from 39% to 65% of US children (ages 10-13 years) are online (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2002). The 2001 US Census data shows that half (51%) of US children around 10 to 13 years old and 61% of those who around 14 to 17 years old have Internet access at home (Montgomery D, Pasnik S, 1996). Therefore, Advertisers and marketers have start use different kinds of new interactive advertising and marketing techniques to target the rapidly growing number of US children online (Montgomery D, Pasnik S, 1996).The way to advertising and marketing on the Web is not similar significantly from television commercials. Advertisers and marketer able pass thought the special feature of the Internet to seamlessly integrate advertising and Web site content (Montgomery KC, 2001). Great majority of the big companies will created their own websites, and designed as branded environments for children, the purpose is to advertise and market to children (Montgomery KC, 2000, 2001). For example, Burger king food company website (http://www.burgerking.com) their provide Games, toys, tunes, and other downloads to promoted alongside for their food items. These is under Big Kids Club which is link on the home page, where encouraged 4 to 12 year old to join club members (Story and French International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 2004). 2.4 Food Advertising Influence to Children Eating Preferences Nowadays, more and more people attract important that Advertising which aimed at children (Keane and Willetts, 1994; Moore and Moschis, 1983; Moschis et al., 1980). Because no other agent of consumer socialisation has received more attention than the mass media (Moschis, 1987, p. 121). There is a large amount of scholarly research in the area that focuses mainly on two dimensions of media that confers affect upon children, namely, advertising and editorial/programming content, especially intend to promote young people about products and encourage them to purchase (Ward and Wackman, 1973; Clancy-Hepburn et al., 1974; Galst and White, 1976; Gorn and Goldberg, 1982; Woodward et al., 1997; OGuinn and Shrum, 1997). Approximately, 11 of 19 commercials per hour were for food. Those advertises occupy 246 (44%) to promoted the kind of fats and sweets food, such as candy, soft drinks, chips, cakes, cookies and pastries. Fast-food restaurant advertising was very frequently, which stand of 11% of total food advertisements. The most often advertised food product was high sugar breakfast cereal. And there were no fruits or vegetables on advertisements. Also by indicate evidence of other studies that advertises on US childrens television are majority on high in sugar and fat food, it was very field to fruits or vegetable (Gamble M, Cotunga N, 1999; Coon KA, Tucker KL, 2002; Taras HL, Gage M, 1995; Morton H, 1984; Dibb S, Harris L, 1996; Lewis MK, Hill AJ, 1998; Chestnutt IG, Ashraf FJ, 2002; Byrd-Bredbenner C, Grasso D, 2000) More and more TV viewing in children and/or adolescents is associated with decrease fruit and vegetable consumption (Ortega, RM, Andrà ©s, P, Requejo, AM, Là ³pez-Sobaler, AM, Redondo, MR Gonzà ¡lez-Fernà ¡ndez, M, 1996; Lowry, R, Wechsler, H, Galuska, DA, Fulton, JE Kann, K, 2002; Boynton-Jarrett, R, Thomas, TN, Peterson, KE, Wiecha, J, Sobol, AM Gortmarker, SL, 2003; Matheson, DM, Killen, JD, Wany, Y, Varadt, A Robinson, T, 2004), more snacking (Francis, LA, Lee, Y Birch, LL, 2003; Snoek, HM, Van Strien, T, Janssens, JMAM Engels, RCME, 2006) and add more intake non healthy foods and taking less healthy foods (Woodward, DR, Cummings, FJ, Ball, PJ, Williams, HM, Hornsby, H Boon, JA, 1997) 2.5 Food Advertising Influence of children healthy It is very importance whether food products of marketing and advertising for youth-targeted has any impact on childrens food behaviours or body weight (Coon KA, Tucker KL, 2002). From the research evidence indicate that preschoolers and grade school childrens food habit and food purchase more on high sugar and high fat food are affected by television exposure to food advertising. (Isler L, Popper HT, Ward S, 1987; Coon KA, Tucker KL, 2002; Horgan KB, Choate M, Brownell KD, 2001; Taras HL, Sallis JF, Patterson TL, Nader PR, Nelson JA, 1989; Borzekowski DL, Robinson TN, 2001). On the other hand, a new WHO/FAO consultation shows the report on diet and prevention of chronic diseases investigated the evidence showing the hazard of developing obesity by dietary and lifestyle factors (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003). Under scientific strong evidence Diet and lifestyle factors can be categorized on four levels of evidence: convincing, probable, possible and insufficient. The report indicate that even the evidence shows heavy marketing of fast food outlets and energy-dense, micronutrient-poor food and beverages to children causes obesity is equivocal, enough indirect evidence to place this fulfil in the probable category for increasing hazard of obesity (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2003). 2.6 Children Preferences Influence to Family Consumption Children strong affect how the family functions-in terms of relationships, employment, and purchases-and their affect is changing family consumption throughout much of the world (Blackwell, miniard, engel, 2006) studies based on Canadian data shows that young children depreciate parents participation in the; labor force, it will influence how families spend their money, and lower the amount of time and money available for leisure (RoBert E.Wilkes, 1975) Has a huge influence on children to make purchase decision involving products for their own use (Chankon Kim and Hanjoon Lee, 1997), In addition their also influence over parental spending when they request particular products and brands (Blackwell, miniard, engel, 2006). Not only do Children affect choices, but they also are used family money and their own to purchases. Just like a cycle, children influences family spending, family influences young consumers cognitive and evaluation of product and brand choices (Margaret Hogg, Margaret Bruce, and Alexander Hill, 1998).

Shakespeares Hamlet is both Madman and Genious Essay -- essays resear

Madman or Genius? Scholars have been disputing the sanity of Hamlet, for over four hundred years, in the play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare. Is he an insane madman or a vengeful, devious, genius? There are many contradictory ideas and theories on Hamlet’s so called psychosis, his procrastination in avenging his father’s death, and his actions towards his mother. In the first act Hamlet seems to be in a perfectly sane state of mind. It is the second scene where the reader begins to see a change in Hamlet’s character. Ophelia meets with Polonius and recalls the meeting she previously had with Hamlet. She tells her father that Hamlet came to her disheveled, and in a traumatized state of mind, speaking of "horrors." (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 83). Polonius immediately believes that he is "Mad for thy love?" (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 84). Ophelia answers a question posed by Polonius in which she responded that she had told Hamlet that she could not see or communicate with him any more. Polonius makes reference to Hamlet's madness once again by pronouncing what his daughter said, "... hath made him (Hamlet) mad." (Act 2 Scene 1 lines 109). This is where the argument of whether Hamlet is insane due to of his love for Ophelia begins, but a more confusing and complex situation is the struggle within Hamlet's mind. His personal struggle is revealed to the reader in scene one of the third act in the first of Hamlet’s several soliloquies. In this scene Hamlet recites his famous "To be or not to be, that is the question:" (Act 3 Scene 1 lines 57) speech. As Eric Levy puts it, â€Å"Though Hamlet is linked with the vulnerability of reason to emotion, he nevertheless displays extraordinary emotional control, despite extreme... ...o have fallen victim to their deceit†(Richardson 124). Also the fact that Hamlet thought that Polonius was Claudius adds to the evidence that Hamlet was in fact going insane. Hamlet's madness at times is justified, and at other times is pure insanity. At first Hamlet seems to be going mad over the fact that Ophelia is not allowed to see him. Subsequently it seems that Hamlet is going mad over the fact that he is overwhelmed with his father's death, and begins to fight with himself over the thought of suicide. He is then determined to avenge his father’s death and goes about torturing Claudius in a systematic and genius manner. Finally, Hamlet is caught up in his feelings about mother’s actions, which brings him back to the point of insanity. In conclusion, Hamlet is torn between two worlds, that of the rational and that of the distraught and insane.

Growth in William Faulkner’s Barn Burning and James Baldwin’s Sonny’s B

Growth in William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† and James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† The word family evokes an image of trust and a bond of loyalty. In William Faulkner’s â€Å"Barn Burning† and James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the main characters in both these stories demonstrate the idea of family loyalty in several ways. While they continue to express the values of family loyalty, the main characters have to overcome several obstacles. Searching for ways to communicate effectively with their families and maintaining their changing identities trap the characters. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is conflicted with being loyal to his family and being loyal to himself and in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the brother has to deal with being loyal to Sonny’s values. During this process, it changes their character and forces them to change and learn about themselves. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Sarty is emotionally torn by two personalities, one being loyal to his Father, and the other is being loyal to society because in his mind, he knows he’s doing the right thing. But in the beginning of the story, Sarty’s personality starts to pull when the Justice of the Peace is questioning him. Sarty has the need to tell the truth yet with his Father’s dominating presence there, he cannot do it. â€Å"He aims for me to lie, he thought again with that frantic grief and despair,† (p.398). In one sentence, there is an instant clear meaning that Sarty is distraught in making decisions having to involve his Father. In this moment though, he also feels his Father’s emotions penetrating right into his body through his Father, â€Å"did not even look at him† (p.398). Sarty’s sense of loyalty sides strongly with family due to the fact of how he was raised. The time period in which the stor... ...nally figured out what Sonny’s dream was when he saw him play his music and the joy that Sonny felt, he felt it too and understood music is Sonny’s way of living, his life unleashed through music. Even though both stories tell a different tale, this quote applies to the brother and Sarty because they both had to rely on their self-intuition to help them understand the ordeals they went through to reach a final decision. â€Å"Freedom lurked around us and I understood, at last, that he could help us to be free if we would listen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (P.216) Works Cited Baldwin, James. "Sonny's Blues." Literature: An Introduction to Fiction Poetry, and Drama. 7th edition. Ed. X.J. Kennedy and Dana Gioia. New York: Longman, 1999. 272-295. Faulkner, William. "Barn Burning." The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter. 3th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. 1554-66.

change Essay -- essays research papers

There are three types of people in this world. The ones who accept change as soon as the change happens, the ones who hate change and only think pessimistically about it, and the ones who are skeptical at first but then eventually accept the change and make something positive out if it. People should be more like this; doubtful at first but after much deliberation accept the change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of person is the person that accepts change as soon as it happens. In the short film, â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese,† the characters Sniff and Scurry, and Hem and Haw, are faced with a huge change when their cheese has been moved to a different area of the maze. Sniff and Scurry, two little brown mice, are upset at first, but after a short while they get their running shoes and right away go to look for the cheese, not wasting any time. They looked at the moving of the cheese as a great opportunity to explore the maze, and eventually they found the cheese. Meanwhile, Hem and Haw were still at the old area, where the cheese used to be, sulking away, not accomplishing anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Which brings me to the second type of person. Hem, a little person, a bit on the heavy side if you ask me, probably from eating too much cheese, is the type that does not like change at all and is very stubborn to accept it. When he and his friend Haw discovered that the cheese had moved, all Hem did was pout and complain that he was very hungry and that he w... change Essay -- essays research papers There are three types of people in this world. The ones who accept change as soon as the change happens, the ones who hate change and only think pessimistically about it, and the ones who are skeptical at first but then eventually accept the change and make something positive out if it. People should be more like this; doubtful at first but after much deliberation accept the change.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first type of person is the person that accepts change as soon as it happens. In the short film, â€Å"Who Moved My Cheese,† the characters Sniff and Scurry, and Hem and Haw, are faced with a huge change when their cheese has been moved to a different area of the maze. Sniff and Scurry, two little brown mice, are upset at first, but after a short while they get their running shoes and right away go to look for the cheese, not wasting any time. They looked at the moving of the cheese as a great opportunity to explore the maze, and eventually they found the cheese. Meanwhile, Hem and Haw were still at the old area, where the cheese used to be, sulking away, not accomplishing anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Which brings me to the second type of person. Hem, a little person, a bit on the heavy side if you ask me, probably from eating too much cheese, is the type that does not like change at all and is very stubborn to accept it. When he and his friend Haw discovered that the cheese had moved, all Hem did was pout and complain that he was very hungry and that he w...

Evaluate Current Learning Theories Education Essay

To be able to name the theoretician involved with scientific discipline, and the 14 – 19 course of study, it would be more prudent to state that all the theoreticians in one manner or another, if looked at closely plenty would hold an input, from the behaviorists like Skinner, Pavlov and Watson, to Piaget and the Cognitive development theories, within scientific discipline Brunner with his societal constructivism is the more applicable, when it comes to border working, scaffolding and the spiralling course of study, with Vygotski and the socio cultural theories underpinning societal context, civilization, linguistic communication, equals, instructors and the Zone of Proximal Development theories. From the late 1980 ‘s, and the debut of the original national course of study, to present twenty-four hours, childhood experiences have changed drastically, with childhood demands traveling on at a enormous rate. The kid of today has a batch more to get by with in relation to the societal and economic facets of their lives, and as such for the first clip in twenty old ages there is some kind of lucidity about what will go on nationally, in relation to the 14-19 course of study and makings, to run into single student ‘s demands. The original debut of topics and cardinal phases, has now moved on in a positive way, with recent reappraisals in instruction of new specifications of AS and A degrees in September 2008, The debut of Diplomas in 2008, in 17 capable countries, has expanded the chances for academic makings, specific to an single students demands. With the debut of the new specifications for GCSE ‘s across the course of study in September 2009, the QCA began a procedure that will besides take to revised scientific discipline GCSE specifications from Sept 2011, These new specifications are to include, GCSE Science, GCSE Additional Science, GCSE Additional Applied Science, GCSE Biology and GCSE Physics. As portion of the wider alterations to GCSE scientific discipline, strategies of work such as Twenty First Century Science were designed ; these classs enabled the pupils to understanding the scientific discipline they experienced in mundane life. Looking at one country of scientific discipline in relation to the 14 – 19 course of study, it becomes evident that the model is designed on a spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , this is apparent from Key phase 3, with the unit, Organisms / Behaviour and wellness, in which cells are taught in the undermentioned form, Cells, Animal cells and Plant cells, Cells and their behavior, Cell tissues and Organ systems. At Key phase 4 cells are taught once more, constructing on constructs already established in Key phase 3 but utilizing Blooms Taxonomy ( Bloom 1956 ) , with units covered on Populating cells such as Bacteria which reproduce inside host cells ( Animal cells and works cells ) , White blood cells such as Phagocytes and Lymphocytes, Red blood cells incorporating Haemoglobin, Antibiotics which break down cell walls. Once A and AS degrees are studied, cells are revisited once more but at a much deeper degree of understanding, with Antibiotic Resistance, Differential Centrifugation – a method of dividing different cell organs of a cell so that they can be analysed, Analyzing cells with the usage of the Transmission Electron Microscope ( TEM ) or the Scanning Electron Microscope ( SEM ) and Cell distinction. This spiralling course of study ( Bruner 1986 ) , means that a complex thought can be built on, and understood, by revisiting the cardinal constructs of the topic, clip and clip once more as the student additions in experience and sees more of how scientific discipline can be related to experiences in the existent universe, utilizing constructs and apprehensions from each single key phase, chiefly to increase cognition of the construct taught, this model facilitates the demand for revisiting the basic cardinal constructs of the original stuff, as in cardinal phase 3 the initial constructs are an built-in portion of cardinal phase 4 and supra. This structural model can be related to a Social Constructivism theory from Bruner in his research on the development of kids in 1966, and subsequently developed into the Integration of the acquisition procedure at different degrees ( Bruner 1986 ) , with Bruner ‘s theory, he proposed three degrees of representation, Enactive Representation Iconic Representation ( image-based ) and Symbolic Representation ( language-based ) , in Bruner ‘s theory it is suggested that when faced with new capable stuff, to come on from an action based representation to an image based representation and finally linguistic communication based representation, it would be more accomplishable if the each clear phase was slackly incorporate, so each portion can be translated to the following 1 ( Bruner 1986 ) , as opposed to Piaget ‘s theory of ‘Stage-Theory of development ‘ , ( Beard 1969 ) and ( Crain 1992 ) , which has been summarised as: â€Å" Children of a given age are more likely to show similarity of ( mental ) structures than kids of different, ages † . ( Brown 1977, p.26 ) . Piaget ‘s epistemology has been characterised as ‘constructivist and relativist ‘ ( Pope & A ; Gilbert 1983, p.195 ) , and has been widely influential in Science Education ( Bliss1995 ) . Piaget demonstrated that kids who have non undertaken formal direction might still hold constructed their ain thoughts about phenomena they experience in the universe and their ain significances for words as they get linguistic communication e.g. , ( Piaget 1973, 1929 ) this can take to misconceptions within scientific discipline hence, although influential in scientific discipline, Piaget ‘s phases for ages theory is non every bit applicable to the modern twenty-four hours kid ‘s demands and hence the coveted affect is non accomplishable. With Bruner ‘s theory a clear nexus can be made with Bloom ‘s Taxonomy in which Benjamin Bloom suggested that the educational aims can be split down into three classs, Affective or associating to the experience of feeling or emotion, Psychomotor shown by physical accomplishments such as motion, sleight, strength, coordination, use, grace, and velocity, and the scientific procedure of idea known as Cognitive Theory, the terminal consequence is the creative activity of a more holistic signifier of instruction. ( Bloom1956 ) . This type of Taxonomy means that larning at the higher degrees is dependent on holding attained prerequisite cognition and accomplishments at lower degrees. An roll uping organic structure of research indicates that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and bordering ( gyrating course of study ) these to work engineering in prosecuting learning ends ; in structuring ( gyrating course of study ) , sequencing, pacing, monitoring and measuring acquisition, and in interceding interactions between kids and engineering, including through ‘guided find ‘ ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-43 ) As such Bruner was besides influential in the development of Vygotsky ‘s work on the socio-cultural and activity based theories ( Vygotsky 1986,1978 ) and ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) which suggested that constructs do non merely stand for a concatenation of associatory connexions assimilated by the memory of an automatic mental accomplishment, but a complicated and existent act of believing which can non be mastered by simple memorisation, ( Vygotsky 1934, p.356 ) and as such Vygotsky, saw that conceptual acquisition required an active engagement from the scholar, bespeaking there is a existent demand to look at the societal facet of acquisition and how schools every bit good as scientific discipline put the model and construction in topographic point for the acquisition procedure, with the execution of a socially mediated procedure ( Scott 1998, pp.45-80 ) .whereas Piaget, s theory were all based on internal influences of the head. Vygotsky believed that conceptual development involved a procedure of convergence as the concrete becomes abstracted, and the abstract is made concrete ( Vygotsky 1986 ) Over clip, self-generated constructs would get a formal construction and be unfastened to witting usage, and formal scientific constructs would germinate connexions with existent experience and external influences, ( Vygotsky 1934, pp.355-370 ) , so scientific constructs provide the models within which a scholar could go cognizant of his tacit self-generated constructs ( Crain 1992 ) , the gyrating course of study as suggested by Bruner tantrums suitably with this construct, as the kid additions in experiences of the existent universe so concepts taught at an earlier phase can be consolidated and built on, with reviews and callback exercisings utilised suitably by the instructor. To summarize the thought of conceptual larning a paper from Elisabeth H. Wiig & A ; Karl M. Wiig, on conceptual acquisition suggests that we expect that an effectual acquisition procedure will supply appropriate content and prepare scholars to: â€Å" Function intelligently in the undertakings in front. When these undertakings involve farther larning, we expect that during the earlier learning phases, scholars will hold built mental theoretical accounts, constructs, books, schemes, associations, positions, schemes, and so on – anterior cognition – sufficiently good to construct extra cognition efficaciously † . ( Wigg 1999 ) . Science lessons in schools show this procedure with the 14 – 19 course of study and instruction schemes are put in topographic point to present an thought or a construct by patterning so constructing on that really construct to more higher systematic maps such as analysing, measuring and making. When lessons were observed it was noted that the theory of conceptual acquisition works good within the scientific scene, with the instructor foremost patterning a construct or experiment to demo how the capable stuff non merely fits in within the large image of the strategy of plants, but can besides pull on the students, as a group or persons, ain experiences of the topic in the existent universe, or in relation to issues that straight affect the student and as such, in the procedure deriving their involvement in the topic, a twelvemonth 10 group is a good illustration of this, when making Applied Science, the healthy human organic structure faculty, one subdivision on the cells of the air sac, and transportation of O and waste gases, straight related to the consumption of coffin nail fume and the at hand harm that is caused by the dislocation of the air sac cell wall construction. This was modelled utilizing straws and balloons so starting the balloon so the surface country of the balloon was reduced and therefore the available gas transportation country reduced. Concepts of cell construction was recapped on anterior larning so built on with gaseous transportation through the cell wall in relation to come up country, with the modeling construct and the spiralling course of study principle the hard construct was easy for the students to associate excessively. As per suggestions from, ( Wigg 1999 ) , earlier acquisition had been achieved with mental theoretical accounts built, constructs of cell constructions introduced, books and keywords instigated, schemes or preconceived thoughts of the procedure of respiration is amalgamate or any misconceptions dispelled and a organized form of idea was established with the mental frame work focus oning around the specific subject of gas exchanges within the healthy human organic structure and the input of potentially unsafe carcinogenic stuffs, utilizing positions constructed by student group treatments and anterior cognition both from an educational beginning and a societal beginning climaxing in constructing extra cognition efficaciously. Whole lessons used Bruner ‘s theory, that the instructor plays a critical function in choosing and measuring appropriate learning resources and frame working the lesson so anterior cognition could be accessed and built on by all students, ( Bruner 1985, pp.21-34 ) . Guided Discovery was utilised in the lesson, non merely by the instructor, in the activity of patterning the construct but besides by utilizing a theory from ( Driver and Easley 1978, pp.61-84 ) , which focused on the scholar ‘s active function in building their personal cognition, backed up by a paper written In 1982, when Gilbert ( UK ) , Fensham ( Australia ) and Osborne ( NZ ) published a paper sing ‘children ‘s scientific discipline ‘ , where results were dependent on anterior cognition established on a subject with consequences bespeaking a ‘unified scientific result ‘ , where the erudite significances closely matched that intended. ( Gilbert, J.K. , Osborne, R.J. & A ; FenshamP.J. 1982, pp.630-1 ) , This learning scheme works good with groups of assorted ability students but can fall down when used on an single degree, as each students experiences within a societal context is different, dependent on legion variables such as geographical loca tion, economic position, equal force per unit areas and most of import the person ‘s ain knowledge degree, or how the single moves from the procedure of idea on to cognize, this leads back to the instructor utilizing guided find and doing certain that advanced instruction methods are utilized, based on the acquisition and apprehension of the cardinal constructs of scientific discipline. Whilst looking at the societal facet of larning it is prudent to advert Vygosky ‘s work on the Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD, ( Vygostky ‘s 1986 ) in which a scholars ZPD can be classed as the noticeable alteration between from what a scholar can make or accomplish, without aid and what the scholar can make with aid, this can be either from a instructor led activity or equal mentoring. Vygotsky ‘s theory on zone of proximal development can be interpreted as: â€Å" The distance between the existent developmental degree as determined by independent job resolution and the degree of possible development as determined through job work outing under grownup counsel, or in coaction with more capable equals † . ( Vygotsky 1978, p.86 ) . This theory has been criticised by legion theoreticians, as idealist idea with defects in his work, what impact would an overbearing parent have on a kid ‘s development, or the kid that expected aid when it was non needed utilizing the equal as an educational crutch, ( Santrock 2004, pp. 200-255 ) , In a schoolroom scene, every bit good as the whole school scene, it has been noted that ZPD is highly of import, and is utilised in all categories non merely scientific discipline, with many categories being of assorted ability across the course of study runing from low ability pupils to gifted and talented students, sometimes integrating students with Particular Educational Needs ( SEN ) , such as reading, composing or linguistic communication barriers to larn, this means that it ‘s non merely the instructors that are utilized to steer a pupils acquisition, but other members of the schools staff such as Teaching Assistants, support staff and members of the Pastoral system. Gi fted and talented students or students of a high degree of proximal development can be utilised within a assorted group category to reenforce larning for lower ability students and in the procedure consolidating their ain degree of understanding by callback and account of the topic frequently utilizing linguistic communication that is more accessible to the lower ability student, in crisp contrast to the benefits of equal mentoring or acquisition, the booby traps could show jobs of their ain with low ability pupils in groups trusting on the higher ability students to make the work and as such they make no advancement, this was observed in categories on legion occasions when posting work or experimentation was carried out with, the lower ability pupil be givening to make the lower taxonomy undertakings such as clip maintaining or coloring, whilst go forthing the higher taxonomy undertakings such as anticipations and decisions to the higher ability student, this tendency can besides b e translated into grownup equal mentoring, with the force per unit area of school marks, particularly in the kingdom of coursework where the student refuses to utilize independent idea, and as such the equal virtually dictates what the student should make to bring forth a finished piece of work for rating, stating that ZPD decently instigated and supervised can be an priceless tool in the instructors toolkit, this premise is backed up by other educational professionals who believe: â€Å" The function of instruction to be to supply kids with experiences which are in their ZPD thereby promoting and progressing their single acquisition † . ( Berk and Winsler 1995, p. 24 ) . As portion of making a safe environment within the scientific discipline schoolroom, to heighten students larning, behaviorism is an built-in portion of the instructors thought procedure, with cases of minor breaks and inappropriate behavior monitored and learning schemes adjusted consequently. Most inappropriate behavior issues in the scientific discipline environment can be related back to a theory by Bandura who through observation and imitation, looked at personality as being closely related to the environment, behavior, and the individual ‘s psychological processes.A Bandura postulated, along with other behaviorist psychologists, and societal acquisition ( SL ) theorists that all behavior is learned and that the individual, the behavior, every bit good as the environment were all closely connected, to make acquisition in an person, ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , this hypothesis was developed over many old ages with modeling as an of import portion of his surveies and observ ations, Bandura described the primary function of patterning is to speed up command by supplying the scholar with a theoretical account to copy. ( Bandura 1986, pp.18-22. ) , with Bandura ‘s celebrated Bobo Doll surveies, in which one of his pupils was given an inflatable buffoon doll, weighted at the underside, and instructed to kick, clout and hit the doll with an inflatable cock, whilst she was filmed, the movie was later shown to a group of Kinder garden kids, who intelligibly exhaustively enjoyed watching the grownups jokes, and when instructed that it was playtime, proceeded to the rumpus room, which purposefully contained legion Bobo dolls and inflatable cocks, the kids instantly proceeded to copy the jokes of the grownup by reproducing precisely the same actions and linguistic communication of the grownup, ( Bandura, Ross, and Ross 1961, pp.575-582 ) , although pertinent, the theory has defects, in that the doll is really designed to maintain resiling back as a beginni ng of amusement for kids and as such the kids will see this procedure as a game to be enjoyed, but this Social Learning Theory can hold deductions within the scientific discipline schoolroom, as all experiments are modelled by the instructor and if non modelled right so any inappropriate instruction will be modelled or mimicked by the students, hence, supplying that the capable affair is modelled, structured and pitched at the right degree most behaviour issues can be avoided. Another outstanding theoretician on behaviorism is Burrhus Frederic Skinner, an American psychologist who came up with the theory of operant conditioning, as opposed to Pavlov ‘s theory of classical conditioning, in which the topic carries out a signifier of associated acquisition ( Pavlov 1927,1960 ) , operant conditioning is the usage of extrinsic or intrinsic motive to modify behavior, and is broken down into two chief classs, positive support which occurs when a student is accomplishing the instructor demands and can be in the simplest of signifiers such as congratulations or a wages that the student conceives as pleasant and so continues the criterions that are required, both methods are normally used in schools to advance god behavior in the procedure making a safe acquisition environment with encouraging consequences observed in students behaviour forms, reviews of Skinners theories are chiefly associated with the comparatively new field of Neuroscience, in which theoret icians claim that there is a direct nexus between larning and cognitive procedures, disparaged by other Psychologists as to whether encephalon scanning has told us anything utile about cognitive neuroscience as yet ( Coltheart 2006 ) , a good computer science metaphor for reviews is: â€Å" No sum of cognition about the hardware of a computing machine will state you anything serious about the nature of the package that the computing machine runs. In the same manner, no facts about the activity of the encephalon could be used to corroborate or rebut some information-processing theoretical account of knowledge † . ( Coltheart 2004, p.22 ) On lesson observations and learning undertaken, it was observed that elements of all the theories worked, but with burden on the instructor seting the right schemes in topographic point for single scholars every bit good as group acquisition. Forefront of every instructors mind, is the Every Child Matters docket, which is underpinned in one manner or another by all the theoreticians, but by far the most influential must be Maslow who developed a: â€Å" Hierarchy of demands † . ( Maslow 1943, pp.370-96 ) . And as such has lasted the instruction ages, after being dispelled to go the outstanding force, driving the demands of the modern twenty-four hours kid. Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands contains five degrees, physiological, safety, love/ belonging, regard and self- realization in that go uping order and if the scaffolded pyramid is used in concurrence with the theoreticians aforementioned so the instruction and good being of any kid is able to come on at the needed gait. Word Count – 3204