How Do Energy Coursing Through The Twenty First Century

Have you ever wondered how energy just†¦ happens? We used to burn wood in furnaces to warm our houses, but in recent years we have switched into a modern world of air conditioning and indoor heating. We plug our chargers into the wall when we sleep and our iPhones and laptops are fully charged the next morning. Oil lamps and stoves have become things of the past. We used to know exactly where warmth and light came from, but with all these new advances and inventions, we’re not so sure. So again, how does energy happen? There are many types of energy coursing through the twenty-first century, but one of the most prominent ways to harness energy is by burning natural gases. This is very similar to my earlier example of an oil lamp or a gas†¦show more content†¦This procedure is simple, effective, cheap, clean, and even creates new jobs within America to lower the unemployment rate. What’s not to love? Well, remember when I mentioned the natural gases being f orced up to earth’s surface? They aren’t the only gases released into our atmosphere. Methane, a greenhouse gas that can cause global warming, is released. You see, greenhouse gases such as carbon or methane absorb the heat that the sun shines onto the earth. When this happens, the earth takes on more heat than it gives off. This causes the earth to slowly heat up more and more, and may cause the artic caps to melt and flood the earth someday in the distant future. Methane has been proven to absorb heat eighty times more than carbon. According the a paper published by the researchers at Princeton University, abandoned hydraulic fracturing sites in Pennsylvania were still emitting an average of 0.6 lb of methane a day. (Reuters, 2015) This seems like a small amount of methane at first glance, but when you consider the thousands of drilling sites around America, this number becomes worrisome. Could the new methane emissions caused by hydraulic fracturing make global war ming a reality? Louis W. Allstadt, retired vice president of well-known oil corporation, Mobil, stated in an interview, â€Å"20, 30, 100 years down the road we don t know how much methane is going to be making its way up. And if you do hundreds of thousands of wells, there s a

Australian English Free Essays

string(178) " influence is evident in such words as caucus \(in politics\), sedan \(BrE saloon\), station wagon \(BrE estate car\), truck \(BrE lorry\), high school \(BrE secondary school\)\." 1. Australian English (AusE, AuE, AusEng, en-AU) is the name given to the group of dialects spoken in Australia that form a major variety of the English language. Australian English began to diverge from  British English soon after the foundation of the  Colony of  New South Wales in  1788. We will write a custom essay sample on Australian English or any similar topic only for you Order Now The history of Australian English starts with kangaroo (1770) and Captain James Cook’s glossary of local words used in negotiations with the Endeavour River tribes. The language was pidgin. 2. Varieties of Australian English. Most linguists consider there to be three main varieties of Australian English. These are ? Broad; ? General; ? Cultivated Australian English. General Australian English is the  stereotypical variety of Australian English. It is the variety of English used by the majority of Australians and it dominates the accents found in contemporary Australian-made films and television programs. Examples include actors  Russell Crowe, Hugh Jackman,  Nicole Kidman. 3. Broad Australian English is the  archetypal and most recognizable variety. It is familiar to English speakers around the world because of its use in identifying Australian characters in non-Australian  films  and  television  programs. Examples include television personalities  Steve Irwin and  Dame Edna Everage, Pauline Hanson. 3. Cultivated Australian English has many similarities to  British  Received Pronunciation, and is often mistaken for it. Cultivated Australian English is now spoken by less than 10% of the population. Examples include actors  Judy Davis, Robert Hughes,  Geoffrey Rush. 4. The aboriginal vocabulary, which is one of the trademarks of Australian English, included billabong (a waterhole), jumbuck (a sheep), corroboree (an assembly), boomerang (a curved throwing stick), and budgerigar (from budgeree, â€Å"good† and gar, â€Å"parrot†). . The number of Aboriginal words in Australian English is quite small and is confined to the namings of plants (like bindieye and calombo), trees (like boree, banksia, quandong and mallee), birds (like currawong, galah and kookaburra), animals (like wallaby and wombat) and fish (like barramindi). 6. As in North America, when it comes to place-names the Aboriginal influence was much greater: with a vast continent to name, about a third of all Australian place-names are Aboriginal. The Aborigines also adopted words from maritime pidgin English, words like piccaninny and bilong (belong). They used familiar pidgin English variants like talcum and catchum. The most famous example is gammon, an eighteenth-century Cockney word meaning â€Å"a lie†. 7. Non-aboriginal Vocabulary. In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the Australian population were either convicts, ex-convicts or of convict descent. The convict argot was called â€Å"flash† language, and James Hardy Vaux published a collection of it in 1812, the New and Comprehensive Vocabulary of the Flash Language. Most of the words and phrases Vaux listed remained confined to convict circles and have not passed in the main stream of Australian English. There are a few exceptions, of which the best known is swag meaning â€Å"a bundle of personal belongings† in standard Australian. Swagman, billy, jumbuck, tucker-bag and coolibah tree are early Australianisms. 8. The roots of Australian English lie in the South and East of England, London, Scotland and Ireland. To take just a few examples, words like corker, dust-up, purler and tootsy all came to Australia from Ireland; billy comes from the Scottish bally, meaning â€Å"a milk pail†. A typical Australianism like fossick, meaning â€Å"to search unsystematically†, is a Cornish word. Cobber came from the Suffolk verb to cob, â€Å"to take a liking to someone†. Tucker is widely used for â€Å"food†. Clobber has Romany roots and is originally recorded in Kent as clubbered up, meaning â€Å"dressed up†. 9. Some elements of Aboriginal languages, as has already been mentioned, have been incorporated into Australian English, mainly as names for the indigenous flora and fauna (e. g. dingo, kangaroo), as well as extensive borrowings for place names. Beyond that, very few terms have been adopted into the wider language. A notable exception is Cooee (a musical call which travels long distances in the bush and is used to say â€Å"is there anyone there? †). Although often thought of as an Aboriginal word, didgeridoo/didjeridu (a well-known wooden musical instrument) is actually an onomatopoeic term coined by an English settler. 10. Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding -o or -ie (-y) to the ends of (often abbreviated) words. There does not appear to be any particular pattern to which of these suffixes is used. Examples with the -o ending include abo (aborigine – very offensive), aggro (aggressive), ambo (ambulance office), arvo (afternoon), avo (avocado), bizzo (business), bottleo (bottle shop/liquor store), compo (compensation), dero (homeless person), devo (deviant/pervert), doco (documentary), evo (evening), fisho (fishmonger), fruito (fruiterer) 11. arbo (garbage collector) vejjo (vegetarian) gyno (gynaecologist), journo (journalist), kero (kerosene), metho (methylated spirits), milko (milkman), Nasho (National Service –military service), reffo (refugee), rego (vehicle registration), Salvo (member of the Salvation Army), servo (service station/gas station), smoko (smoke or coffee/tea break), thingo (thing, whadjamacallit), 2. Examples of the -ie (-y) ending include aggie (student of agricultural science) Aussie (Australian) barbie (barbeque), beautie (beautiful) bikkie (biscuit), bitie (biting insect), blowie (blowfly), bookie (bookmaker), brekkie (breakfast), brickie (b ricklayer), Bushie (someone who lives in the bush), chewie (chewing gum), chokkie (chocolate), Chrissie (Christmas), exy (expensive) 13. reenie (environmentalist), kindie (kindergarten), lippy (lipstick), vedgie (vegetable) mozzie (mosquito), oldies (parents), possie (position), postie (postman), prezzie (present), rellie (sometimes relo – relative), sickie (day off sick from work), sunnies (sunglasses), surfy (surfing fanatic), swaggie (swagman), trackies (track suit), truckie (truck driver), 14. Occasionally, a -za diminutive is used, usually for personal names. Barry becomes Bazza, Karen becomes Kazza and Sharon becomes Shazza. There are also a lot of abbreviations in Australian English without any suffixes. Examples of these are the words beaut (great, beautiful), deli (delicatessen), hoon (hooligan), nana (banana), roo (kangaroo), uni (university) ute (utility truck or vehicle) 15. American Influence. In the middle of the century, the hectic years of the gold rush in Australia drew prospectors from California to the hills of New South Wales, bringing with them a slew of Americanisms to add to the Australian lexicon. The invasion of American vogue words marked the beginning of tension in Australia between the use of British English and American English. 16. Should an Australian say biscuit or cookie, nappy or diaper, lorry or truck? The answer seems to be that Australian English, like its British ancestor (and like Canadian English), borrows freely according to preference, but on the other hand the British influence is much greater in Australia than in Canada. So Australians get water from a tap not a faucet, but tend to ride in elevators as well as lifts. 17. Their cars run on petrol not gas, but they drive on freeways not motorways. American influence is evident in such words as caucus (in politics), sedan (BrE saloon), station wagon (BrE estate car), truck (BrE lorry), high school (BrE secondary school). You read "Australian English" in category "Papers" On the other hand British English influence is evident in class (AmE grade), cinema (AmE movies), boot (AmE trunk). With foodstuffs Australian English tends to be more closely related again to the British vocabulary, e. g. biscuit for the American cookie. 18. However, in a few cases such as zucchini, snow pea and eggplant Australian English uses the same terms as the Americans, whereas the British use the equivalent French terms courgette, mange-tout and do not care whether eggplant or aubergine is used. This is possibly due to a fashion that emerged in mid-nineteenth century Britain of adopting French nouns for foodstuffs, and hence the usage changed in Britain while the original terms were preserved in the (ex-)colonies. (For some uncertain reason, Australia uses the botanical name capsicum for what both the British and the Americans would call (red or green) pepper. ) Finally, the oddest of all borrowings from America is kangaroo court. 19. Australian English Worldwide. In the 1980s Australian English has hit the international headlines. Films like Gallipoli and My Brilliant Career have won critical acclaim and found large audiences in the United Kingdom and the United States. The â€Å"New Australians† (Turks, Yugoslavs, Sri Lankans and Italians) influenced on the language (pizza, kebab). There is not and cannot be any doubt that there is a great respect for Australian English in the English-speaking world. 20. [pic] 21. Australian Vocabulary These are the best-known Australianisms in the English-speaking world. [pic] 22. [pic] 23. Australia, Great Britain, and America all speak the same language, but you simply have to visit each country to realize that, while they all speak English, it is far from a universal language. The English spoken in Great Britain, America, and Australia has many similarities, but a surprising number of differences as well. The main reason for this is the vast distance between each country. Here are some of the common differences you will find between these three versions of English. Pronunciation between the three types of English is very dissimilar. †¢ In American English the â€Å"r† at the end of the word almost always affects its pronunciation, whereas in Australian and British English the â€Å"r† is often silent. 24. Also, the emphasis placed on the syllables of the word varies from British, Australian, and American English. In Britain, the world adult has the emphasis on the first syllable, whereas in America it is placed on the second half of the word. Australian English is unique in the fact that many words have sounds that are eliminated. †¢ Instead of saying good day, the Australian speaker says g’day. The main pronunciation difference between the three, however, is the pronunciation of the vowel sounds. 25. Differences in Spelling Not only do the three types of English sound different, but they are also spelled differently. In some ways, the spelling reflects the difference in pronunciation. o For instance, Americans use the world airplane to refer to a flying mode of transportation. o In Great Britain, the word is aeroplane, and it is pronounced with an audible â€Å"o† sound. o Another common difference in spelling is aluminium, which is the UK spelling, and aluminum, the US spelling. Again, the difference shows the difference in pronunciation of the two words. In this instance the Australian spelling is the same as the UK spelling. 26. Another common spelling difference between UK English and American English is the use of -our verses -or at the end of the word. ? For instance, in the UK, colour, flavour, honour, and similar words all end in -our, whereas in America they are spelled with the -or ending (color, flavor, honor). In Australia, the -our spelling is almost universal. 27. Similarly, the endings -re and -re are different between the different English dialects. In America you will go to the theater or fitness center, whereas in Britain you will visit the theatre or fitness centre. Again, Australian English follows the British pattern. 28. There are other common spelling differences as well. For instance, in American English, words that sound as though they end with an -ize will always end in an -ize. However, in UK English, they typically end in ise (i. e. realize, realise). Also, British English often doubles consonants when adding a suffix when American English does not, such as in the world traveller. 29. Interestingly, the three languages also have distinct vocabularies. For instance, the â€Å"hood† of a car is called the â€Å"bonnet† in Australia and Britain. Australia has several terms that are not used in either of the other countries, such as â€Å"bloke† (man) and â€Å"arvo† (afternoon). Also, Australians use some phrases that are combinations of British and American terms, such as â€Å"rubbish truck. † Rubbish is commonly used in the UK, and truck is commonly used in America. 30. Grammar As with American English, but unlike British English, collective nouns are almost always singular in construction, i. e. the government was unable to decide as opposed to the government were unable to decide. Shan’t and the use of should as in I should be happy if†¦ , common in British English, are almost never encountered in Australian English. 31. While prepositions before days may be omitted in American English, i. e. She resigned Thursday, they must be retained in Australian English: She resigned on Thursday. Ranges of dates use to, i. e. Monday to Friday, as with British English, rather than Monday through Friday in American English. 32. River follows the name of the river in question as in North America, i. e. Brisbane River, rather than the British convention of coming before the name, e. g. River Thames. When saying or writing out numbers, and is inserted before the tens and units, i. e. one hundred and sixty-two, as with British practice. However Australians, like Americans, are more likely to pronounce numbers such as 1200 as twelve hundred, rather than one thousand two hundred. As with American English, on the weekend and studied medicine are used rather than the British at the weekend and read medicine. [pic] [pic] How to cite Australian English, Papers

Faulkners Gay Homer free essay sample

Faulkners Gay Homer, Once More Faulkner’s Gay Homer, Once More, written by Judith Caesar discusses the questionable sexuality of Homer Barron in the story â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. Judith’s stance on the topic is that Homer is not a homosexual man, but is a heterosexual man. She discusses how the times changing affect the meaning of the words â€Å"gay† within the text and how it causes the confusion for the reader. At the end of the article, she backs her thesis up with strong facts. Judith explains that it may be possible that Homer could be gay, but to make that assumption ruins the story and meaning of the story. Judith makes three very strong points within â€Å"A Rose for Emily† to prove that Homer is not gay. For her first argument, she brought up the time period in which the literature was written and when the story took place. We will write a custom essay sample on Faulkners Gay Homer or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"A Rose for Emily† was written in 1931 which lets us know the general position and opinion on being a homosexual was. The story is set in the 19th century when homosexuality was unheard of. Comparing that time period to today’s times , it helps the reader decipher that Homer could not be gay purely on the time period that this story took place. Caesar’s second argument is based on the purpose of the story. If Homer were gay, the plot line of the story would not have made any sense. Homer was seen as Emily’s â€Å"lover†. The people in the story talk about Homer being seen going in and out of Emilys house which suggests that they were romantically or even sexually involved. Caesar then pointed out that the people in the town viewed Emily as a â€Å"fallen woman† meaning that she was having intercourse before being married. An argument is that Homer used Emily to mask that he is gay, but if Homer had used Emily as a cover for his homosexuality, the why he would come back to her after finishing the concrete sidewalks. I feel as if he was just using her, Homer would have no need for her after finishing the job in the town. Judiths final argument discusses the language and the text that is used in the literature and how it should be read. The time period that this story was written in, the phrasing, and words could easily be unclear if the expressions were referenced towards a different time period. The word gay in the dictionary once simply meant â€Å"happy† and did not assume the role of describing a sexual orientation until a later time. I agree with this entire article that Judith has written. At first it had crossed my mind that Homer was a homosexual and that he was using Emily, but then thought to myself that this story would not make sense if he had been. Judith had three very strong arguments that could not be denied or questioned. The facts that Homer would sneak into Emily’s house through the back door, and the views of Emily as a fallen woman cannot be disputed. The time period was the biggest and final factor that helped me make my personal decision about this topic. In conclusion I found it very difficult to dispute her facts, and agree that Homer Barron was not intended to be viewed as a Homosexual character in the story. The theories that the author uses in her article are feminist, gender, and sexuality theories. Judith clearly discusses the sexuality of Homer throughout the entire article and she proves her points through analyzing history and culture; relating it to the text. Works Cited

The Accounts From Soldiers Describing Combat In General Essays

The accounts from soldiers describing combat in general present an image of a hellish nightmare where all decency and humanity could be lost. For men who fought under these conditions, coming home was a very difficult transition. Above all, these men wanted to return to "normalcy", to come back to a life that they had been promised if the war was won. This would turn out to be harder to obtain then first expected, problems ranging from the availability of jobs in the work force to child raising and post-traumatic stress would make this return to "normalcy" very troublesome. This laborious task of reintegrating into American culture would eventually lead to problems in the gender relations in post war America. One of the major problems that G.I.'s faced upon there return to the States was the availability of jobs. During the war, the U.S. government encouraged women and minorities to enter the industrial work force due to labor shortages and increased demand for war goods. By 1944 a total of 1,360,000 women with husbands in the service had entered the work force. This, along with the a migration of African-American workers from the south, filled the war time need for labor. This attitude toward women in the work force changed dramatically at the end of the war. The propaganda promoting "Rosie the Riviter", suddenly changed, focusing on the duties of women as a homemaker and a mother. Even with these efforts and those of the G.I. bills passed after the war, returning soldiers had a difficult time finding jobs in post war America. This independence given to women during the war and its removal with the advent of the returning men, had a definitive effect on gender relations in American society and which one of the seeds of the womens rights movements in later decades. Another hardship encountered by returning soldiers was the reactions of the children they left behind. Most of the fathers that returned from the war concerned with how they would fit into the family system. Some fathers were determined to take an active role in the family and they did by becoming the master disciplinary. Returning fathers came to home to find undisciplined and unruly children, a far cry from ordered military life they had lead during the war. Some children even resented at the strangers who had re-entered their lives, lives that seemed complete without him. One of the roots of these feelings was that children that lived in extended families during the war enjoyed being pampered and disliked the determination that some returning fathers had to fulfill his paternal role and impose discipline. The fathers return disrupted the homefront in various other ways also. Some children feared that their fathers would not stay and as a result didn't want to become to attached to them, in fear that they might again leave. Other children were angry that the fathers had left in the first place. The homecoming was especially hard on both father and child in a family where the child was born during the war or was very young when the father left. Most of these children hardly recognized there fathers and where fearful at these new strangers. Another problem faced by returning fathers was their believe that their son had become "soft" in the absence of a strong male-role model. The return of the father in the domestic life also effected the gender relation after the war. Most children found there lives complete without there fathers and some even found that they had more freedom when there father was gone. Girls that found there mothers working and performing what was before considered male role, were found to develop less traditional feminine sex roles. It could be said that the working mom inspired the children of the era to be more independent themselves. This also could serve as a origin to the feminist movements in later decades. Post-traumatic stress, "shell shock", was common among the returning soldiers. Most wives and children noticed behavioral changes in the men that the knew before the war. Veterans returning from the battlefield would suffer nightmares and flashbacks of combat, about their alienation and loneliness , desperation and withdrawal. These results of combat and the increase in alcoholism among the returning G.I.'s lead to an upward spiral in the number of divorces that occurred after the war. The return home for many soldiers was not at all comfortable. After fighting under unbearable conditions for years, the return to domestic life was undoubtedly not what was expected. With the problems of find work and those encountered on the family scheme,

buy custom Contract Law essay

buy custom Contract Law essay Question 1 (Martinas faulty racquet strings) In contract law, the issue of the vendor selling a defective item with clear intention is punishable through him or her paying for the damages to the client. Martina trusted the racquets expert that he will sell her excellent strings to enable her play and win the game. But after some time, the strings broke in the process of playing making her not to reach the finals. All endorsements worth $20000 went away because of faulty racquet strings. Under implied warrant in contract law, there is an express view to prevent or mitigate deceit and fraud to make persons be fair in their dealings, to be honest, and to be upright in all their transactions. Matrina entered in to a special contract with the racquets expert in Melbourne that she should be given high quality strings for her racquet, but she later recognized that the strings never had qualities she wanted. According to contract law, if in any case the special contract has been exercised for the sale and or purchase of goods of certain features, quality and description, and that particular good does not portray the same description as those stipulated by the vendor, or bargained for, or agreed to be sold, the buyer has a right to not only return the faulty equipment, but to be given compensation concerning the issue of being sold a faulty equipment. All the compensation stated in this case is not limited to the price of the item he or she bought, but it should, be inclusive of all the costs the buyer accrued in meeting the purchase and those costs and expenses, which directly link to the purchase of that product. Matrina need to be compensated for her travel costs, her forfeited token, the accommodation costs, training for championship costs and loss of endorsement fees, and disappointment fees. If the purchaser, however, neglects to return the faulty products she has bought within the stipulated period, a new contract will arise by the full implication of law, totally different from, and totally independent of, the previous agreement, and the person who has received and willing fully retains that goods is directly liable upon what is called a quantum meruit to pay for the presumed worth of the good. If Matrina stays with the goods (racquet strings) after the vendor has failed to perform his contract, she may recover the value of these items upon the new contract and the eventual promise that the law then applies from the changed situation and consequences of the parties. In all sales or purchases of products, the law stipulates an undertaking or a due promise from the seller that at no time carried out a bad sale, and that he had no obligation to make the contract of sale he had profess to make. Peto vs. Blades case indicates that if the seller knowingly or intentionally sold defective goods, he is entitled to indemnify the buyer against the damage he had already sustained. This damage is inclusive of loss of endorsement fees, disappointment and distress, travelling costs and accommodation costs. If Matrina was cognizant of the defect in the strings, materially reducing the value of the said item, the low has an obligation to carry out a disclosure thereof to the intended buyer, and informing in silence the fact of substance, which needed in utmost good faith be made known, and is equivalent, in laws contemplation to a valid express representation or even warranty (Hill vs. Gary). If for example, a taverner sold wine knowing that the wine is corrupt, to a buyer as a good wine, although he impliedly expressed to warrant it as such, yet a certain action showed that he lied, he is required by law to compensate the buyer. Also, if the merchant sells a piece of cloth to the buyer, knowing that the cloth is not in good condition, he is responsible for compensating the buyer (Atkinson vs. Bell ). To justify that Matrina is liable for full compensation, we consider the case of Southern vs. Howe. It states that if an individual sold a horse with no eye, no legal action against him sin ce the buyer already observed that the horse lacked one eye. But if the seller fixes an artificial eye to lure the buyer in to believing that the horse has both eyes and later finds out that indeed the other eye is counterfeit, the seller is liable to compensate the buyer for such actions. Therefore, the racquet expert in Melbourne has an obligation to compensate Matrina to the extent of having implied with the conditions of the contract. Some times it is possible for the buyer to complain that he never knew of the defects existence. He must, therefore, proof that what he did was not intentional by revealing other sales of the same items he had sold to other clients, that indeed they were not defective. If Matrina agrees to eventually take the sale issues with all faults, there exists an implication of one part of the racquet dealer to resort to no device or possibility to conceal any defect. The seller should reveal that indeed he sold defective strings and that he is liable to duly compensate the buyer. The condition to be taken inclusive of all faults and frauds, do not entirely mean that the item to be undertaken with all existing frauds, and hence, the seller will not be allowed to present himself of it if he decides to resort to any artifice, or makes use of false representation, with the intention of convincing the purchaser to forget about the contract of sale. Defective items sold have adverse implications, w hich will cost the buyer a lot, therefore, all the burden of compensation lies directly on the vendor who sold the defective goods. Question 2 (The case of Jilna and Lee) If a contract has been made and because of one reason or another, the other party is not able to perform his or her obligation, then this constitutes frustration. Jilna seems not to have read the lease agreement letter properly, as she thinks that the lease was only running for one year, yet the letter indicated it was running for five years. This frustrates Lee so much because of the complication with the contract. Jilna sees it as no longer possible for her to continue with her bicycle manufacturing business because of road blockage, which has made supply of materials to her factory paralyzed. Besides, the roads department has told her that it will take three months for all the trees blocking the road to be removed. As such, she will not be able to manufacture her bicycles, implying that she will not be able to make any sale. This could be understandable that she wont be able to pay any rent, but the contract she made is binding. Frustration concerns the subsequent impossibility. If the contract appeared to be impossible from the start, the issue will be the mistake but not constituting frustration. Jilna should, however, establish as to whether or not the situation at hand has been expressly shown in the contract- the lease contract. This provision is normally called force majeure clause. For example , a contract of manufacturing bicycles using Lees factory premises might say, if a factory collapses, or the external disasters that will negatively affect the performance of your business and hence, making you unable to pay the monthly rent, take place, then this will happen This clause ought to be complete and should stipulate specific risk(s). Since there is no force majeure clause in Jilna and Lees contract, there are various frustrations that are established in case laws. Supervening illegality stipulates that immediately the contract was made, a new law or a new occurrence has made it illegal for the cont ract to be carried out. The best example of the case law is Avery vs. Bowden (1856), in which a certain ship was supposed to pick up some specific cargo at port of Odessa. With the occurance of the Crimean war, the government passed a rule that is illegal to load the ship at the foes port. Hence, the ship could not undertake its contract without having broken the law. Hence, the contract was frustrated. When the hurricane fell on the land and fell the trees that block the road leading to Jilnas factory, Jilna was not able to carry out her business hence, frustrating the contract she made with Lee. The performance of the contract under this scenario of supervening illegality will not take place or will be impossible. The reason is because of the eventual destruction of the subject matter (factory premises). Jilna, for example will say, I agree to pay you monthly rent, but the road to the factory get blocked. This complicates the perfomance of the contract they have both signed, though Jilna never took her time to know to what extent the agreement was binding. The nature of contractual obligation may also make the contract not to perform in the stipulated way. A very good example is the case of coronation of King Edward VII in 1901 where the coronation process failed because the king was ill. One person had hired a flat in order to view the coronation but refused to pay the days rent, since the existing contract had been frustrated. The court said that he was indeed right: the whole idea of hiring a room was only to watch the coronation ceremony, and since the ceremony never too k place, then there was no need of hiring the said room ( Krell v Henry). But a contract is not frustrated only just because it has become very expensive or uneconomical to perform. This kind of risk occurs immediately when one enters into a contract. The supervening even, however, must be beyond the ability of both parties to control. Neither Jilna could not have been able to prevent hurricane from passing near her factory, nor was Lee able to inform Jilna in advance that there could be a hurricane passing by, so that she could be informed. As search the event (hurricane) was unforeseeable by both parties (Jilna and Lee). The legal effects of this frustration by the common law becomes the contract which was made automatically comes to a halt at that exact time of frustrating event. Immediately the hurricane caused havoc on the road, and hence making supplies difficult from reaching the factory, Jilans factory operations stopped, hence signaling that she will not be able to pay the stipulated monthly rent, as shown in the contractual letter. The recommended statute is the Law Reform (Frustrated Contracts) Act of 1943, which is only applicable in a situation where there is no express permission existing in the contract for anything that happens if it is frustrated. The provision is that, if some payments have been made in advance, the lessee or the buyer has a right to get the payments back, net of any expenses that he or she could have incurred. Jilna had not yet paid the rent, but she might have incurred the expenses of renovating the factory hence, she will not be in a position to ask Lee to pay her the expenses she has accrued so far. Lee is also frustrated by the fact that Jilna will not be able to pay the monthly rent as indicated in the contract, and that she never understood the terms and conditions in the contract after all. If the contract had been partially performed, as shown by Jilna who had already undertaken the factory operations, it gets a little bit complex. She will be required, according to the contract, to pay for any of benefit she could have received. If for example, at the time of the frustrating event (Hurricane), Jilna had already made some refurbishments in the factory, Lee had to compensate Jilna for all the expenses incurred in refurbishing the factory. She could value the amount of factory upgrade and ascertain whether it will be able to give a one month rent, since Jilna will no longer be able to carry out the business. The case of Brisbane Council vs. Group Projects Pty is also another example of a frustrated contract, which depicts what happened to Jilna and Lee. Under this case, the Group Projects had some land which was to be developed. The company came into agreement with Brisbane City Council that the company should undertake some work on the land immediately the land was rezoned residential. The thing, which later happened, is that the land was forcefully resumed by the government to be used as a school. The City council of Brisbane argued that, until the extent that Group Projects had said to carry out the development work in the land, it was still justified to go on. The company mentioned that the whole idea had been frustrated since its ability to make profit had already been removed when the said piece of land was rezoned. The case raises some interesting debate as to whether it can be said that frustration existed when the commercial interests of the above contract had been removed or no t. The high court officials who said that the issue had no difficulty are holding that the contract was frustrated because of the eventual resumption of the land. Lees plan to enjoy monthly revenues of $ 5000 per month was frustrated by the fact that Jilna will not be able to carry out her agreement to be paying her $ 5000 per month as lease rentals for 5 years. One can view other tangible issues facing frustration of the contract by looking at the conclusion of Stephen J (p 766) 4th paragraph and also interesting or thrilling commentary on the subsequent paragraph about how frustration is so uncertain. The hurricane was not easily predictable by both parties. If it were, then Jilna could have given her own side of the story as tow whether to continue with her operations or stop it altogether. The case of National Carriers Ltd vs. Panalpina Ltd is applicable to Jilna and Lees case because, before the decision, it was meditated that the doctrine of frustration will never be applicable in real estate, even including leases. The reason is because, real estate is actually land and the land is everlasting. The National Carriers type of case involved the commercial lease of a warehouse. The existing access to the warehouse was blocked by a local authority, which decided to close the street since the state of building the building in the street was not safe. The lease was supposed to run for ten years. The same street also was to be closed for a period of 18 months. Tenants said that the lease agreement was frustrated. However, it is said that the doctrine of frustration does not normally apply in real estate. In the said case, the tenant was in possession of a premise (warehouse) which was the subject of the lease agreement. Lee likewise had a factory, which was also the subject of the lease agreement. It will not matter what will happen, even if the building is destroyed since the interest of the land continues on. This is somehow, a very unrealistic view of commercial issues. In the issue of National carriers, the House of Lords reiterated that the frustration doctrine will apply to lease agreement but insisted that the cases will be very rare. The main facts of the case is that, they concluded that this lease was not frustrated since the deprivation of the tenant was so small compared with the lease term of 18 months in a period of ten years. Question 3 (company formation) For me to ensure that I have become successful in undertaking the venture, I need to understand the ways in which I can raise my finances. Already, I have savings amounting to $ 300000 and the bank has agreed to give me extra $ 300000. This comes to $ 600000. To make it $ 1 million, which is required for me to establish the company, I have found 40 investors, each willing to pump in $ 10,000 into this business, after understanding that this project will be profitable and the payback period will be shorter. Of great concern is to whether to make this company go public or to operate it as a private company. Remember this company is still at its seed or concept stage, where I am supposed to be developing the business plan and mobilizing resources in order to make it a reality. It will be realistic to put it this way- we run this company as private limited company for some few years in to the future since you understand the disadvantages of making it go public this early. I need to develop a strong object clause of the company, according to the Corporation Act which stipulates that companies should express the object of their operation. My object in the company is to explore the organic mineral development storage devise for electricity. I know that the provisions of the Act allow me to undertake this activity as it says, a provision of the corporation legislation does not: prohibit the doing of an act, or, impose a liability for doing an act, if the provision of the law of State or Territ ory specifically authorizes the doing of an act. I also know that my company needs to set up and maintain a register of members, a register of financial undertakings, a register of earnings to be achieved and the initial financing options. Also, we need to understand the company structure, company name, legal obligations, company registration and legal obligation concerning our company name so that we can not violate the Corporation Acts provisions. Before we think of whether this company is going to be private or public, we need to consider if this company wills suite the needs and follow the proper established legal framework as deviation from it will lead to total discontinuation of our plan to establish this company. This company can conduct business throughout Australia, but we need to get the provisions right. When we think of registering the company name, it is not the same as registering our company. Registration of our company name does not in any way create a legal entity but rather registering the company itself, does. R egistration of the company name, according to Corporations Act, allows us to use the privileges to which our company is entitled, like corporate tax rate and limited liability. In order for us to register the name of our business, we need to consult the corporations act provisions. Concerning how to run this business, we need to decide the internal governance and how it affects replaceable rules, constitution and the general business operations. This is a proprietary company, and it cannot be run by replaceable rules if initially I am going to be the director and member and, therefore, special rules apply. Since this is proprietary company, corporation act allows the company not to lodge its constitution when duly applying to register. However, Corporations Act must be followed in order to avoid any possible violation. The company will ensure that contracts over $ 20000 will require immediate approval of the managing director. No contracts above this will be allowed without the directors consent. Since there will be investors who have stakes in this company, the corporation act will require the company to provide their registration information and the amount they each contribute. Date of entry of each and every investor or member must also be indicated. If this company will get membership of over 50 people, the company scheme should include in its members register an updated index of members name. This index must be easy to use and should allow members entry to be found easily. If this company is to stay to be proprietary, we must satisfy all the provisions of the particular type of the company. If this Company becomes a public company, relevant procedures must be followed. The company should indicate how shares are to be allocated, how additional capital is to be raised, and the reporting standards to be used and tax payment strategies. We need to give all the details required so that we can be successfully registered. This will make this company to operate legally as a corporate body at the very day it received its certificate of registration. When registered, we need to ensure that we are given ACN (Australian Company Number) as required by the Corporations ACT. If we are given ABN, the number we get should end with the nine digits we have already received. The company name, written in legible characters, is followed by Australian Company Number as appropriate. This means that we need to satisfy all the requirements of the Corporations Act in order to enable us become an officially and registered company in Australia. All documents should be issued, at the right time so that we cannot risk being deregistered. Question 4 (Case of Amanda and John) As a start up company, Amanda and John will not be able to access a wide pool of funds. When the company is too young, profits are usually less and there is instability in profitability projections. Legally, it is not allowed for one to go for other debts without clearing the existing one. Amandas case indicates that her money is all tied in trusts as she has been acting as a trustee for her family trust when the family was not able to meet the trusts. Therefore, thinking to carry out business as a partnership and as a company should be clearly evaluated because both different business types have different legal attributes. As a partnership, both must understand that they have mutual obligation to carry out the business. Considering that they can only manage to raise $60000, it means that they will not be able to meet the required capital target, what with Amanda in deep financial turmoil. As a start up business, both individuals should require the initial amount so that business will be carried out smoothly. Both of them have a contractual obligation to look for ways of raising the other $90000 to finance the business. Start up businesses are usually the most challenging businesses to undertake since they may either collapse or experience slow growth. If both of them are considering venturing in to partnership, it is essential that they consider all options before they make any decision. Choosing a business structure that will be supported by the capital stated is very wise. The success or failure of their business depends on how the two individuals design their business structure during the concept stage. Since the success of partnerships is determined by the partners, both of them should ensure that they raise the extra amount in order to finance business development. Though there are advantages in partnership like work sharing and skills supplementation, they understand that legal obligations must be strictly adhered to when it comes to sourcing extra financing from other sources. It is very essential to understand the business laws, which are associated with partnership, so that both of them should not be faced with legal problems. It is very vital if both of them will speak to the business lawyer or attorney before thinking of any option to turn the business in to a partnership one. This will enable them get legal advices on basic legal aspects of business pertaining the partnership. They also need to understand that if the venture fails and already had borrowed some amount; it is their obligation to repay the debt. Assuming that they contributed capital equally, both partners need to consider that any external debt should be cleared first before settling any internal ones. Both of them should also consider that sharing of profits should be according to the ratio of their contributions or any criteria that they deem fit. This will ensure that any issues or complications are handled the right way. In Ingran vs. Deere Ingram, who were a psychologist and Deere, who was a psychiatrist, entered into an agreement in which Deere could serve as a medical and director of a pain clinic. He said that he was going to receive a third of clinics income, and Ingram would receive a third, and the remaining one-third would be for meeting expenses. Deere said that they were to carry a joint venture but Ingram asserted that Deere will receive a third of the clinics revenue and that no agreement was reached on the remaining two thirds. He also admitted that he never contributed capital to start clinic, never took part in hiring extra workers, and never knew the names of staff members. He also admitted that he never bought clinic equipment, never became a signatory to the c linics ban account and never appeared anywhere in the lease agreement for the clinic office space. After fourteen months, Ingram decided to give Deere a form called Physician Contractual Employment Agreement (stated that Ingram was to be the sole owner of the clinic) which he refused to sign. He later ceased working at the clinic. He sued Ingram, and later on the jury discovered that both of them entered into a partnership agreement in which Ingram breached his fiduciary responsibility to Deere. However, the trial court found that they found no material evidence to support their partnership business. With this case law, Amanda and John should ensure that they communicate to each other, not only orally, but also in writing the responsibilities of each partner, compensation of each partner and profit sharing ratios in order to avoid complications. Forming a capital at start up stage is not realistic, as the company requires that the two partners raise a large amount of money, and both of them should have sufficient collateral incase that go for a bank loan. By the look of things, it appears that they will not get additional financing because they were not able to raise $150000, which is a very small fraction for the capital required to form a company. Besides, the issue of Amanda not able to settle her trustee obligations to the family proofs that they will not be able to secure a bank loan in order to establish private company. Most start ups must be operated as partnership businesses for at least three years from the time they were formed and that during this time the income inflows should have been consistent and rising. They should first be able to raise the additional $ 90000, carry out the business as partnership and when they think that the business is now stable they can decide to make it a private company. Buy custom Contract Law essay

Case for Legalizing Marijuana Essays - Herbalism, Medicinal Plants

Case for Legalizing Marijuana What Is Marijuana? Marijuana, a drug obtained from dried and crumpled parts of the ubiquitous hemp plant Canabis sativa (or Cannabis indica). Smoked by rolling in tobacco paper or placing in a pipe. It is also otherwise consumed worldwide by an estimated 200,000,000 persons for pleasure, an escape from reality, or relaxation. Marijuana is known by a variety of names such as kif (Morocco), dagga (South Africa), and bhang (India). Common in the United States, marijuana is called pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, bones, etc. The main active principle of cannabis is tetrahydrocannabinol. The potency of its various forms ranges from a weak drink consumed in India to the highly potent hashish. The following consists of pure cannabis resin. Marijuana is not a narcotic and is not mentally or physically addicting drug. One can use mild cannabis preparations such as marijuana in small amounts for years without physical or mental deterioration. Marijuana serves to diminish inhibitions and acts as an euphoriant. Only once in a while will it produce actual hallucinations. More potent preparations of cannabis such as hashish can induce psychedelic experiences identical to those observed after ingestion of potent hallucinogens such as LSD. Some who smoke marijuana feel no effects; others feel relaxed and sociable, tend to laugh a great deal, and have a profound loss of the sense of time. Characteristically, those under the influence of marijuana show incoordination and impaired ability to perform skilled acts. Still others experience a wide range of emotions including feelings of perception, fear, insanity, happiness, love and anger. Although marijuana is not addicting, it may be habituating. The individual may become psychologically rather than physically dependent on the drug. Legalization Of Marijuana Those who urge the legalization of marijuana maintain the drug is entirely safe. The available data suggested, this is not so, Marijuana occasionally produces acute panic reactions or even transient psychoses. Furthermore, a person driving under the influence of marijuana is a danger to themselves and others. If smoked heavily and a great deal of consistency, its use has been clearly associated with mental breakdown. In many persons who smoke chronically, the drug reinforces passivity and reduces goal-directed, constructive activity. The chronic use of pure resin (hashish) has been associated both with mental deterioration and criminality. One of the major complications of marijuana use is the tendency on the part of some users to progress to more dangerous drugs. Users in economically deprived areas usually go on to heroin, whereas more affluent individuals tend to move from marijuana to more potent hallucinogens such as LSD. There is no established medical use for marijuana or any other cannabis preparation. In the United States, its use is a crime and the laws governing marijuana are similar to those regulating heroin. Many authorities now urge that the laws be modified to mitigate the penalties relating to conviction on marijuana possession charges. The Case For Legalizing Marijuana Use The United States stands apart from many nations in its deep respect for the individual. The strong belief in personal freedom appears early in the nation's history. The Declaration of Independence speaks of every citizen's right to "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness." The Constitution and Bill of Rights go further, making specific guarantees. They forbid the government to make unwarranted entry into dwelling places. They forbid seizure of personal property, except when very clear reasons are approved by the courts. They allow every citizen to remain silent in court when accused of a crime. Legal decisions have extended these rights, so that every citizen may feel safe, secure, and sheltered from public view in the privacy of his or her home. The Right To Privacy In recent years, Americans have referred to privacy as one of the basic human rights, something to be claimed by anyone, anywhere. United States citizens feel strongly about this and often tell other countries that they must honor their people's claims to privacy and personal freedom. Foreign leaders often disagree. They resent what they deem arrogant meddling by the United States. Leaders of the Soviet Union, for example, regard individual privacy as trivial when compared to the needs of the state. If the United States is

Ahad Ha'am's Idea of the Spiritual Center Research Paper

Ahad Ha'am's Idea of the Spiritual Center - Research Paper Example He is also known as the founder of Cultural Zionism and strived for "a Jewish state and not merely a state of Jews.† He left an extensive impact on Hebrew culture, with his equivocal political imprint. The collection of his essays comprises of the four-volume ‘Al Parashat Derakhim (At the Crossroads; 1895–1914), remain among the most influential ever written by a modern Jewish intellectual. The leading figures of twentieth-century Judaism labelled him as a ‘prime inspiration’. They include Israel’s first president Chaim Weizmann, Hebrew University chancellor Judah Magnes, poet Hayim Nahman Bialik, Kabbalah scholar Gershom Scholem, and theologian Martin Buber. Ahad Ha’am's idea was his most famous; this was known as cultural Zionism. It was based on the establishment of small settlements in Palestine which aimed at resuscitating the Jewish spirit and culture in the modern world. According to Rabbi Dr. Louis Jacobs, Ginsberg saw what he cal led "absolute spirituality" (ruhani ha muhlat) as the very essence of Judaism, which had always set its face against material concepts of the divine. In the vision of cultural Zionism, a small number of Jewish cadres speaking Hebrew as well as who were well-versed in Jewish culture would settle in Palestine.

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority Essay

Explain and Evaluate How Markets Create New Forms of Authority - Essay Example Decentralization engulfs varied concepts that must be understood and controlled before setting any business programs, or projects. Therefore, the need for authority in this sense is to support reorganization of administrative, financial and service delivery within that business venture effectively (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Notably, authority can be understood in the terms or application of the decentralization concepts since it refers to responsibility and authority for public functions, especially of the central government to quasi or subordinate independent government organization or private sectors (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 319). How markets create new forms of authority is a complex multifaceted concept since it involves wide understanding varying from different characteristics, conditions for success, and policy implications. Numerous forms of authorities influence different markets; therefore, there is a rising need for markets to from authorities that makes them autonomous. However, most of these authorizes are influenced by other factors including political, fiscal, administrative, and other market authorizes that are pegged of different types of markets or market decentralizations (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). Hence, there is a need to highlight concepts differentiating each form of authority as well as the need to coordinate these authorities. Moreover, different markets affect and apply to political, fiscal, and administrative authorities differently across different market domains and regions or countries. The demanding nature of the economy has made different market demands to reshape or reform the political authorities. The political authority often aims at giving the elected representatives immense power in public decision-making (Le?cuyer, 2002; p. 137). This form of authority is associated with representative government and pluralistic politics; however, it can lead to decentralization by giving the elected representatives, or citizens, more influence to the implementation of the national policies (Taylor, 2010; p. 122). Some of these policies used to determine what business and business performs were to engaging in business within what political domain. However, markets have so far changed and political policies are being redefined to accommodate or allow their citizens and government to engage in businesses within a large market domain. The political authorities have been forced to advocate for flexibility in their marketing and market policies; otherwise, they will remain powerful without powerful or reasonable economies to control (Ferguson, 1995; p. 173). Therefore, different markets have forced different political authorities to assume certain decisions that will all greater participation with more relevant and better-informed diverse interests of societies and other national or international authorities (Smith & Sutherland, 1998; p. 219). These reforms or concept implies that markets have forced or is curre ntly compelling the public or citizens to elect representatives with better political policies towards marketing and markets. The actions of any political authority require statutory or constitutional reforms towards developing pluralistic political policies that will be friendly to markets. Markets have led to administrative decentralization with the aim of distributing administrative authorities towards effective market management. It influenced the administrative decentralization to redistribute responsibility and financial resources authorities towards providing the public services with different levels of governances in order to understand market demands and requirement at

Compare and Contrast Essay Essay Example for Free

Compare and Contrast Essay Essay Trayvon Martin and Jordan Davis were just two young teenage boys whose lives were taken from this world. The two cases for these two boys have some similarities between each other they were two 17 year-old African-American boys, both boys were unarmed, and the stand your ground law was used for each case. There are also some differences between the cases such as George Zimmerman was found not guilty while Michael Dunn was found guilty, Zimmerman stayed on the scene of the crime while Dunn did not do the same, and last eye witnesses were present to Dunn’s case but Zimmerman had zero eye witness. This is the twenty-first century yet we still have hate towards other races. In February 26, 2012 â€Å"Trayvon Martin a seventeen year old African American boy went to the store for some candy and a soft drink. George Zimmerman a Hispanic man was the neighborhood watch captain for the Retreat at Twin Lakes† (HLNtv.com). Now in November 23, 2012 Michael Dunn a White man â€Å"leaving a wedding reception for his son pulled into a gas station for wine and chips next to the SUV Jordan Davis† another seventeen year old African American boy â€Å"and three of his friends were in† (CNN.com). Zimmerman was monitoring the neighborhood when he calls 911 to report â€Å"a suspicious person.† He was â€Å"instructed to not get out or approach the person† who was. Martin. Zimmerman â€Å"disregarded the instructions given to him by the police and moments later shot Martin† and unarmed boy (CNN.com). If he was unarmed walking back to his house how could he have had any intention of being aggressive towards another man? In Dunn case he got into an argument with Davis and his friends about the loud music asking them to turn it down. Dunn said he â€Å"saw Davis reach down in his passenger seat to pull out a 12 or 20 gauge shotgun.† So â€Å"Dunn grabbed his gun an open fired ten bullet, three of which struck Davis.† Later when the car was searched no gun was found in the car (usatoday.com). Davis just like Martin was an unarmed boy. In the presence of both cases Zimmerman and Dunn both found there selves in a self-defense situation in other terms the â€Å"stand your ground law† (huffingtonpost.com). The Zimmerman case was considered self-defense but he would not have had to defend himself if he didn’t approach Martin. Also when Martin was unarmed what did Zimmerman need to defend himself of? Dunn on the other hand was not in a calm state of mind he was the â€Å"prosecutor portrayed him as a gunman whose â€Å"blood started to boil† because an armed teenager had disrespected him† (usatoday.com). Even though Dunn thought Davis had a gun he should not have fired off ten rounds rapidly. Dunn could not have been defending him and his wife when the teenagers were unarmed. They were no harm to Dunn and his wife. Zimmerman was the neighborhood watch men and was patrolling the street when he saw Martin. There were not one eye witnesses to seeing what happened at the scene besides Zimmerman a nd Martin who was dead. The only thing they had to go off of was the bruises forming and blood running from the back of his head, also the recording of the gun shot from the police recording of Zimmerman’s phone call. In Dunn’s case he was at a gas station with people around including the four men he was talking to about the loud â€Å"rap crap† music as he called it (CNN.com). Usually when you flee the scene of a crime it means you are guilty. After Zimmerman got out and came up too Martin and defended himself by shooting him. He stayed at the scene was it because no one was around and he already called the cops, and he knew that with his head bloody it was constituted as the â€Å"stand your ground law?† As for Dunn he fled forty miles back to his motel as soon as he shot off ten rounds. There he took â€Å" his dog for a walk, ordered pizza, and drank rum and cola† (CNN.com) Zimmerman was found not guilty after a year and six months went by. The six women jury found George Zimmerman not guilty. The jury had three choices to convict Zimmerman of â€Å"guilty of second degree murder, to find him guilty of the lesser charge manslaughter, or to find him not guilty. The jurors deliberated for more than sixteen hours total, including the thirteen on Saturday alone† (CNN.com). Now for Dunn even though he had pretty similar crimes as Zimmerman he was found guilty. Dunn received â€Å"a minimum of twenty years on one count, another twenty year count, and another minimum of twenty  year count† (usatoday). Works Cited Neale, Rick. Fla. USA TODAY. Larry Kramer, 16 Feb. 2014. Web. 9 Apr. 2014.

An Analysis of Geoffrey Hill’s Little Apocalypse :: Little Apocalypse

An Analysis of Geoffrey Hill’s  Little Apocalypse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Seamus Heaney’s â€Å"The Redress of Poetry† reveals the idea that â€Å"it is the imagination [of poetry] pressing back   against the pressure of reality (1).†Ã‚   The two opposing forces of imagination and reality are active in Geoffrey Hill’s   â€Å"Little Apocalypse.†Ã‚   The poem deals with the personal religious conflict of Friedrich Hoderlin (1770-1843), a German lyric poet.   Hill focuses on Hoderlin’s struggle with his strong belief in Greek mythology and then Contemporary Protestant theology. From this reality Hill utilizes Greek and Christian imagery.   Hill’s imagination complements Hoderlin’s reality and results in an artistic retelling and vivid depiction of the German poet’ strife.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The first stanza addresses Holderlin’s relationship with Christianity, specifically his mother’s desire for him to be a pastor. His mother was very up front with her wishes and sent him to â€Å"monastery schools† at Maulbronn and the theological seminary in the University of Tubingen (Witte 1).   In relation to â€Å"Apocaplypse† Hill writes that Holderlin is â€Å"close enough to survive the sun’s primitive renewing fury (33).†Ã‚   The sun represents Christianity and though its teachings as well as its unyielding methods of indoctrination (â€Å"primitive renewing fury†) surround him at school and home, he is â€Å"close enough† to his own religious beliefs rooted in Greek mythology (Witte 1).   The â€Å"scorched vistas† suggest that Holderlin’s perspective on religion had been modified or brought into question from his parochial education.   Hill implies that Holderlin considers his classmate s as â€Å"injured† most likely in a spiritual sense but continue to be brave. Despite the injured, Hill asserts â€Å"this man [Holderlin] stands sealed against their injury.†Ã‚   The image of Holderlin standing firm greatly contrasts with that of the injured and the use of â€Å"sealed† symbolizes that he held strong to his beliefs.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The second stanza shifts to images of Greek mythology.â€Å"Hermetic radiance of great suns kept in† has a double meaning. On one hand, his religious convictions are sealed air tight and on the other Hill imagines him as Hermes the ancient god messenger. As the ancient messenger God Hill insinuates that Holderlin himself was a messenger perhaps with a religious message but confused by two different religions. The last three lines refer to the rediscovery of Holderlin’s work that has established him as â€Å"one of the outstanding lyric poets in the German language† and placed him in the ranks of the â€Å"Greatest of German poets (Witte 2).

Modern World History Essay

The children had very different reactions to the policy of evacuation. They all had a lot of different experiences. Some liked it and felt as if it was an adventure for them, everything was new to them so they enjoyed it especially the ones who lived with wealthy hosts, some did not want to leave. It was like a holiday. But for these children some felt scared and didn’t like the change, for example this is Source I, taken from the Modern World History Heinemann textbook page 138, ‘Everything was so clean in the room. We were given face flannels and tooth brushes. We’d never cleaned out teeth until then. And hot water came from the tap. And there was a lavatory upstairs. And carpets. And clean sheets. This was all very odd. I didn’t like it. It was scary. ‘ This shows hard and weird it must have been for the children, all the changes would be very confusing. It was even worse though for the children who were mistreated, here is Source M from the same book and page. ‘Clarence and I used to sleep together and poor Clarence used to wet the bed because he was a very nervous kid. She (the foster mother) could never tell who’d done it so she used to bash the daylights out of both of us. So, of course, the more Clarence got hit the more he wet the bed. It was then we started to get locked in the cupboard. ‘ This source tells us how hard it must have been for children like Clarence. First of all they leave their family behind, leave the city they grow up in and don’t know what to expect just that it would be safer than the cities. Then they end up getting beaten by the foster parents. They would feel terrified and would probably wish they had never moved. It would also be very hard for children as they would miss their family and for little kids of about 5 and 6 it would be even harder. They would feel lost and not know what to do. For the mothers and fathers it would be probably be a sad experience letting your children go and live with strangers. You only knew that your children would be safer than in the city and hopefully wouldn’t be killed. You yourself wouldn’t know what to expect and would probably fear the worst. All you knew was that you had a job to do in the war and had to work hard. You didn’t know who you children were staying with or what they were like so it would be a traumatic experience for the parents as well as the kids. Only mums with babies were allowed to evacuate out of the cities with them otherwise they had to work. But at least you knew you were doing your bit and hopefully the hard work would take your mind off things and stop you from worrying. The parents knew the policy was a good idea but probably still had their doubts about it. Another reaction was from the emergency services. They seemed to like it. It gave them a lot more time to concentrate on the war and big things rather than having little kids causing trouble. They liked the situation and it helped them out a lot which was another reason why the evacuation itself took place. There was a lot less people in the cities, less crimes, fires etc. which made their job a lot easier which I’m sure they appreciated. They definitely liked the policy. So this shows the different reactions about the policy. There were a lot of mixed opinions on whether it was good or not. Some liked it some didn’t, but in my opinion it was a good thing but maybe if I was there I might have a different reaction to it.

Opre 6371 Case 5-2

6Case 5-2: Rondot Automotive Name: Lovee Sachdeva, Bin Wen, Matthew Miles, Ryan Buxbaum ,Yuguang Wang, Shaoying Lu. Group: 3 Date: 2/22/2013 ————————————————- Situation: * Glenn Northcott is the purchasing planner at Rondot Automobile in Jackson, Mississippi. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rondot Worldwide, a leading global designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components. Note: You are Glenn) * Responsible for evaluation the outsourcing opportunity * Meet with Terry Gibson and purchasing manager to decide whether or not to take actions on outsourcing * Glenn had been approached by Greven E-Coating willing to provide electro coating services to Rondot Automobile * Goals of decision making: Reducing the total costs while maintaining and minimizing the risks from any changes made * Considerable global competition under severe cost pressure * Cust omer’s price reduction pressure expectancies from global competition * Total Sales and employment at the Jackson plant had steadily declined * Company is under significant pressure on cost reduction. The company’s current priority is to reduce operation costs * Rondot is a wholly owned subsidiary of Rondot Worldwide, a leading global designer and manufacturer of electrical and electronic components. Rondot Automotive operated 85 plants in 25 countries. The purchasing organization at Rondot automotive had a hybrid structure and the Jackson plant’s purchasing department consisted of four people, including two buyers, a planner (Glen) and Terry Gibson. * Schedule with the purchasing manager, Terry Gibson, and the plant manager, Dick Taylor in one week, and both of them are under significant pressure to reduce costs at Jackson plant. * Greven E-Coating outsourcing opportunity * Greven E-Coating Company uses a system whereby a DC electrical charge is applied to a met al part immersed in a bath of oppositely charged paint particles. * Considered more cost efficient compared to traditional wet paint systems * Samples provided from Greven E-Coating Company Tests results: 5/6 of families of housings could be converted to e-coaring using Greven at a cost of 15 cents each * Parts for five of the six represents 60% of the Jackson Plant’s volume * Failure because of different methods of adhesion of a magnet to the housing. Hot –bond adhesion process fits e-coating while cold-bond adhesion process does not fit e-coating system Current situation: * Total sales and employment at the Jackson plant had steadily declined over the past five years. * The number of employees at the plant had dropped from 1450 to 600 and plant management was under pressure to lower costs and regain market share. * Glenn has the option to do outsourcing on cleaning and painting work to Greven E-Coating. Glenn needs to come up with an ideal recommendation on how to re duce the cost and propose that to Terry Gibson and Dick Taylor. * The cleaning and wet painting had been installed 17 years prior and undergone a number of upgrades, and the current painting method costs 25 cents for each housing. (There are six parts in a housing family) BASIC ISSUES 1. Company to take decision on insourcing or outsourcing 2. Higher costs related to painting & cleaning 3. Lack of advanced technology to compete in cost reduction for a lower price 4. A decision to make, once made, is often difficult to reserve. If Rondot Automobile decides to make agreements on e-coating system, The plant needs to convert 100% hot-bond adhesion system 5.Total cost of converting 40% of cold-bond adhesion system to the total cost savings: Long-Term estimation, not short term 6. Whether the use of e-coating will lead to sole source dependency: Is the e-coating system a common painting method in market? 7. The durability of e-coating VS. of traditional coating system 8. Cost benefits ana lysis on the process 9. Inexperienced decision making on outsourcing opportunity Tasks: * What does Richard Kaplan do? Richard needs to clarify and calculate the total cost savings and the cost of converting from cold-bond adhesion to hot-bond adhesion * 25 Cents * 6 = $1. 50 * 15 Cents * 6 = $0. 90 * Does the difference $0. 60 can cover the conversion from traditional wet coating system to e-coating system? The durability and re-paint rate is also needed to consider: If the wet-coating system has durability of 10 years while e-coating repaint rate is 8 years, The total cost of conversion from traditional wet-coating system to e-coating system will increase significantly * What are alternatives? * Negotiate with Greven E-Coating for a lower costs * Conduct a careful research on both advantages and disadvantages of E-coating system * Search for more options in potential sources and substitute items other than traditional wet-painting and e-coating * The challenge of maintaining long- term technological and economic viability for the possible 100% hot-bond adhesion system * The revision of policy of supplier selection Criteria of standardization and policies regarding the choosing of suppliers * An understanding of the market conditions in order to set appropriate expectations for the price provided from Greven E- Coating * Analyze data collected for cost and technical information * Identify the root causes of sales decline. If the sales revenue can be improved, the company can maintain the current painting process to avoid future external risks * * Determine that is the cold-bond adhesion system a necessary facility for the particular family to manufacture any specified electrical and electronic components * Dose this outsourcing plan fit the business goals and objectives? * What does the company’s top management think about the Jackson plant’s outsourcing plan? * Which level of management makes a final decision on outsourcing? Talk to manufacturin g manager and clarify more information about cold-bond adhesion * Talk to the manager in the family that uses cold-bond adhesion system. Clarify the reason why the family of housing choose to use cold-bond adhesion * Identify and estimate total cost to uninstall and setup the new bond system if the method of adhering a magnet to the housing is not mandatory SUGGESTED QUESTIONS FOR DISCUSSION; 1. How to make analysis of the cost of switching current painting process versus the cost of setting up a painting process? What kinds of training should be provided due to the new standards of temperature, air and etc? 2. If the result of outsourcing is rejected, is the subcontracting an alternative for the company?What are the benefits and risks of using reverse auctions for specialized OEM parts? 3. What risk management and contractual steps are necessary before moving company owned tooling to a new supplier? 4. What are the benefits and risks of outsourcing? Actions: * Determination of deta iled function & mandatory of Cold-Bond Adhesion system * Meet with both Manufacturing manager and the family manager in Jackson Plant. * Determine the total costs of uninstallation the current cold-bond adhesion system and the installation of hot-bond adhesion system * Total Cost Savings calculation * Identify the cost savings potential after the modification. With the newly modified standards, communicate with Greven E-Coating and analyze the decision based on the feedbacks from the supplier. * Determine whether the total cost savings can cover the conversion cost from cold-bond adhesion system to hot-bond system * Estimate the future necessity and future technological tendency of replacing traditional wet paint to E-Coating. If the company is going to replace the traditional wet painting in the future anyway, the cost of conversion can be ignored. * Talk with Betty McKinley again and determine the detailed cost of holding two more weeks of inventory * Make agreements on price and quantity, meanwhile negotiate the term of warranty and quality assurance with Greven E-Coating Results: If accept outsourcing opportunity * Cost savings:25-15-3=7 cents on each housing * Add another two weeks worth of inventory * Lower labor and material costs * Product price reductions i. e. ability to offer reduced price to customers. * Become more competitive and there will be a gradual increase in the profit and market share. * If not accepting outsourcing opportunity (i. e.. using the earlier system ) * No savings- no price reductions * Reduce risk for investment * Extra cost in upgrading the system * Spending on more labor in this operation which results in additional costs * May result in lower operating time * Extra time for testing upgraded system. If total cost savings is greater than the costs of uninstallation of Cold-bond adhesion + Installation of hot-bond adhesion + extra inventory carrying costs: * Prepare the agreements and contract documentation on outsourcing deci sion with Greven E-Coating * The contract content with Greven E-Coating tends to be short-term to avoid sole-source dependency situation. Reach out lower priced suppliers while maintain the quality assurance * If total cost savings is equal to or less than the costs of uninstallation of Cold-bond adhesion + Installation of hot-bond adhesion + extra inventory carrying costs: * Determine the importance of common tendency of using E-coating for other manufacturing companies.If the E-coating is not mandatory in the future market, reject the outsourcing plan to avoid extra possible risks * Find out other alternative ways to reduce total costs, such as reduction of labor costs, manufacturing overhead or the replacement of cost-efficient equipment or facilities Priorities: * Maintain cost reduction at the Jackson plant. * Increase sales volume and high market share. * Ensure a successful outsourcing decision. * Maintain company’s reputation-image for reliability. Conclusion: The pai nting process should be outsourced in order to achieve significant cost savings. Ensure supplier selection process is properly done, forecast and mitigate against outsourcing inherent risks and ensure quality standard is met at all times. These will help in achieving a successful outsourcing agreement.

China Essays - China, Republics, Free Essays, Term Papers

China Essays - China, Republics, Free Essays, Term Papers China China China takes 40% of the earth's population; 1,210,004,956. Chinese people are permitted to chose what they grow on their small plots, to set their own prices and to pocket their profits without paying any taxes. Free Markets, is a big world in China: it refers to designated areas in the city where farmers are allowed to sell their products directly to city consumers. The government is no longer involved in growing, distribution or price setting. The system operates on supply and demand in private marketplace. Chinese people eat, dress, look better. China has the worlds biggest population, it has a fast economy. Dum Champagne, is a Chinese millionaire. Champagne started his business by 200 US dollars, he started a womans clothes shop. He bought a used sewing machine. Clothes only came in certain colors like blue, gray, white and green, but Champagne changed all this. Women liked the colorful, stylish type of clothes he made. This great investment took thinking, and risk. He also added a restaurant he was also afraid he could fail. Champagne graduated in the class of 1966 which was called the Old Pre Class. Through 1966-19968 this young adults and younger children were sent to the other side of the country. They were left at the country side with no food. Farmers had limited land, and they only provided for so many people and if you went there you were only added to their barden. Young Chinese worked with peasants . The Chinese labor force is estimated at more that 527 million people. Unemployment and underemployment have caused labor productivity and income to de depressed, problems direcly linked to the large size and rapid growth rate of the population. In the early 1980's about one third of the population was 15 years of age or younger; this guarantees that a large number of young people will enter the labor force each year. Although about 60 percent of the labor force consists of agricultural workers, the government's job allocation program does not include rural areas, and here new labor has to be absorbed by the collective and the individual household economy. The rural family is estimated to receive three-quarters of the income from the collective economy and the remainder from sideline activities. According to the constitution of 1982, China is socialist dictatorship of the proletariat led by the Communist party and based on a united front that includes other democratic parties. In practice, The Communist party fully demonstrates national political activity. The Chinese Communist party has more than 52 million members and is the world's largest Communist party. The party held its first National Party Congress in 1921, when it had only 57 members. China has had an organized government since the establishment of the Shang Dynasty about 1726 BC, making it the one of the oldest nations on earth. Chinese people have economic freedom- economic destinies, The government used to control everything. It controlled what they bough, read, where they lived. Technology has also played a big roll in China. Computers is helping their economic power. China is a big country that keeps growing while people work. email me [emailprotected]

Sports Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sports Industry - Essay Example Different sports have become to be associated with the life of the people. Take the example of football game. Champion league has grown to be a famous sports event for many people all over the world which is bringing in millions of pounds to Europe. In England, the premier league is dear to the English people and attracts funs all over the world. Sports in England have grown to be a big business. (Bourke, 2003) With this growth, there have been many transactions that are going on. To promote honesty in the industry, it must be protected by laws that are enacted in the constitution of the individual countries. The industry has been streamlined by legal enactments which ensure that there are honesty deals going on in the industry. Football game has been one of the games that have been guarded by legislation that has enabled judgment of legal cases that has threatened to crumble the industry. Transfer of players from one club to another has been dodged by controversies which are always settled in the court. Match fixing scandals in have also been taken to courts. In Italy match fixing scandals has attracted the attention of the world and has consequently led to review of laws that govern sports in most countries. There has been other transaction in the industry which calls for legal enactment to protect them. Take example of intellectual property. Intellectual properties like trademarks, logo s, domain names, copyright and patents owned by individual and clubs needs to be protected. There has to be legal structures that support these intellectual properties. (Ben, 2006) Another aspect of the industry that has attracted legal enactments is contracts signed between different players in the industry. Clubs enter into contract with individual and sign them as part of their squads. Individual sport person enter into legal contracts with their promoters. The provisions of these contracts must be protected by the law of the land to make sure that none of the party exploits the other and no one bleaches the contract. Legal enactments have been crucial in ensuring that the industry is run smoothly in terms of signing of contracts between different individuals with individuals and clubs. To comply with the rising need for legal legislation in the sport industry, each individual authority overseeing a specific sport has move to draft laws that defines the operation in the industry. FIFA is the world body that governs football and has moved fast draft legislation that governs the football industry. The Judo association in the UK, the British Judo Association has its own legislation that governs the sport. Other legislations are meant to protect the identity of sport bodies in the United Kingdom. For example, The British Olympic Association has legislation that protects the use of five rings which are meant for Olympic. The use of the ring and other insignias is protected under the law where the association has exclusive rights of using these symbols. The association was give this right in 1995 through an act of parliament after a long debate. Another area in sports that is governed in the UK is the collective sale of sports and TV rights. This has been featured in the UK legislation. This legislation was meant of make the industry self sustaining by collecting fee from the sales in all major events. This has seen the emergence of British

The Patriot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Patriot - Essay Example Benjamin is made the leader of the Colonial Militia to fight a course for both his country and family. Story being told The director of the movie is basically trying to tell the story of commitment for one’s nation. The effectiveness of this lesson that the director was trying to put across could however be said to have been plagued by the fact that the commitment or otherwise theme of patriotism that the director was presenting was not based on personal or self conviction of the character who was made to play the role (Warhurst, 2007). This is because the sense of the character’s patriotism was called to task only because he had a personal family mission of vengeance to undertake. Watching the movie, it could be seen that the director chose the American Revolution of 1776 as the historical piece with which to tell the story because that is a piece of history that has a very strong bearing of the ordinary American to his or her origins of freedom and independence that h e or she enjoys today (Gauja, 2010). This means that the historic piece was selected as one that could appeal to the sense of American patriotism in a more touching way. Most important Moments depicting Director’s Story There is a common saying in local parlance that it is only a fool who doe not change his or her mind. This adage is used a very momentous scene by the director to depict the director’s story. This is because in the judgment of Benjamin Martin, nothing would have made him fight for his nation if he had not lost his son through events of the war. This was an important moment depicted in the film because the call for patriotism is most often not heeded by most American unless they have a sense of urgency to respond to it (Rubin, 2010). The director therefore used that moment to drum home to all countrymen and women that the need to stand and fight for one’s nation should be something that is innate and inspired by personal convection rather than cir cumstantial events and happenings. Present Research and Point of View presented in Movie Research on the actual American Revolution, shows that the director of the film did not depict the exact events of the revolution in the film. This is because there were critical aspects of the wars and acts of violence that are more aligned to the Nazis in the 1940 than to the American Revolution in the 1770s (Jaensch, 2008). The role that was played by the Nazis was therefore made to be played by the British in the film. This somewhat contradicts the point of view presented in the film. However, further research show that the theme of the director that depicts the fact that the patriotism of most Americans are provoked by circumstantial factors such as the need to retaliate in terrorism; rather than an innate call of commitment is true about present day America (Gauja, 2010). This could have been fixed if the director told the American Revolution story just as it was without having to create t he story from a fictional point of view. Personal Lessons and Further Recommendation Before watching the movie, I had no idea of how sophisticated the British rule over the American was. Indeed, to the extent that the British would fight till the drop of last blood to ensure that their colonization of the Americans remained intact means that the British saw America as a real treasure that

Operations Management Forecasting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Operations Management Forecasting - Essay Example Throughout the past two decades more as well as more businessmen have learned the value of using financial forecasts in preparation the affairs of the companies which they administer. The increasing receipt of formal financial forecasts by management may be attributed to a wide diversity of causes. In the primary place, young men educated in the theory of trade and financial administrations have achieved positions of liability in many companies. Moreover, the excellent courses in industry administration and economics, given in American universities and colleges, have affected the decision-making techniques employed in modern venture. Men trained in these institutions have been tending to get hold of the most comprehensive facts obtainable concerning the factors which mainly determine the results of their production ventures. As a result, the operations of more trade have been subject to the influence of men who try to reduce the effect of chance as an issue determining success or failure. Probably the mainly significant single forecast used by the management of commerce is the sales forecast. A confidentially owned business exists to create and sell commodities at a profit in competition by means of other enterprises. It follows that the measure of goods to be produced and the price at which such merchandise will be sold are significant measures of the action of the venture and affect the scale of the profits obtained. As a result, practically all other forecasts used in planning the relationships of a trade enterprise depend on a sales forecast. This is true of approximation which may be made concerning prospect profits, modify in products, capability requirements, organization, bloodthirsty effort, capital necessities, inventories, etc. no doubt, these may be termed the "internal" forecasts, because these are approximation of the situations inside a single company which are completely or mainly convenient by the management. Forecasting in framework On the other hand, the sales forecast is based on additional forecasts concerning future financial conditions, likely efforts by competitors, political situations, modify in technology, cultural growth, etc. These approximations may be termed "external" forecasts, because the situations would exist even if the corporation concerned did not, and, so, they are outside to a company. Qualitative Forecasting Methods Forecasts consequence from ruling and supposition made by management. Actually a helpful forecast is the result of a huge number of judgments which have been made concerning many dissimilar matters. Because lots of the situations which will affect a forecast are not exactly determinable, the judgment of the forecaster often must be based on unfinished or

Atheism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Atheism - Essay Example Quoting Julian Baggini, â€Å"Atheism †¦ it is the belief that there is no God or gods† (3). For others, those words are enough to distinguish an atheist from not. However, there are still those people who would dig deeper into the topic as there are broader and more profound understandings of the subject at hand. The above mentioned meaning or understanding of atheism can be referred as a childhood analogy or comprehension. Just by the mere acknowledgement of the word atheism brings out a very negative thought and conception. Nevertheless, there are always 2 sides in a story. This is a truth in all aspects even in the world of atheism. There is always the good and the bad, the positive and the negative, one cannot exist without the other. One needs the other to exist and it goes either way (7-8). Organized religion often set standards as to what one should and should not believe. This is often where the problem or misunderstanding starts. Though there are Sunday Schools and Bible camps where scriptures are explained, it is not enough that when people say that a person should believe it then it is the truth. A person still has a right to question things that concerns them. One can even say that an atheist is more inquisitive towards their faith as they would further divulge into information that conservatives would perceive as taboo since they are questioning the existence of a higher power or divine intervention. In this concept, there is a broader and untold fact which is accompanied in their refusal to believe in God. One can assume that atheists believe in the â€Å"what can be seen† (4-5). Also according to Baggani, â€Å"This brand of physicalism asserts that the only kind of stuff is physical stuff: there are no non-physical souls, spirits, or ideas. This is a version of physicalism that many, probably most, atheists can sign up to† (5). There is a thought or question that arises with this statement. Because there are still thin gs which are intangible yet believed to true, an example of which is a thought or an idea that is still not expressed or enacted by a person. This is where Science enters the picture of spiritual belief. Two worlds are colliding within the vicinity of an atheist. In more than 2,000 years of documented principles, Science and Religion have never agreed in a singular idea. There would always be an argument between these 2 aspects. It is like what is fore mentioned, there are always 2 sides in a story. Throughout the years, there are still debates as to which is true and which is false between these 2 worlds. These debates are still on-going between their scholars even as this paper is being written. The difference between the two is that Science gives a more breathable room for scientists to explain their theories without the fear of being ex-communicated from the society or their church. Here, one can presume that Science has the broader mind between the two. Yet it does not mean tha t Science is better than Religion. This cannot be proven even in a million years. One can debate his whole life and dedicate his whole being trying to prove which is which yet in the end; there will always be questions that would end up in the vast space of blankness. However, this is not always the case. Sometimes a person believes in theories or principles being presented by both worlds yet the idea that something that starts in Science may

Problem Faced By The Tourism Industry

Problem Faced By The Tourism Industry 1.0 Introduction: 1.1Background/ Preamble: In todays world the top three most important industries are telecom, tourism and IT. According to some estimates tourism shares 11% of the total worlds employment and around 100 million were employed in tourism industry during 2008. Tourism sectors around the world have shown phenomenal growth. Over the last quarter of a century it has grown by 500%. Many economically weak countries are generating their largest share of GDP from the tourism sector. Thailands tourist industry started to grow when Thailand launched Visit Thailand Year in 1987. This growth remained constant despite the Gulf war in 1991. This growth period is called as the Golden Decade of Thai Tourism. Economic growth of Thailand also proved to be very helpful for the growth of the tourism sector over the years. According to an official research the tourists coming to Thailand had reached an astonishing 42.5 million. The focus on Thailands government was not the only reason for its growth of the sector; there were other factors which helped the growth. These factors include the prevailing peace after the Cold War, the overall expansion of the countries in the pacific regions, the focus on tourism in the countries around Thailand, the growth and feasibility of the trade between countries, the innovations in the airline sector, the innovations in telecom industry which increased the feasibility of communication and others. The fact that all these factors were very helpful for the growth of Thailands tourism industry was that it was the first country to recognize the advantages of the tourism and set out to implement its tourism campaigns. Thailand also had location advantages as a tourist country as the tourist coming to Thailand also had the option to go either to China or India which are also one of the leading tourist countries. Following the growth of tourism in Thailand was the growth on middle income class. The later growth stimulated the desire of Thais to travel abroad too. The growth in local tourists has over all declined the net income from the tourism sector of Thailand. Currently tourism sector of Thailand has a 6.5 percent share in the GDP. Although the tourism industry of Thailand is very flourishing, but it still lags behind other sectors, such as manufacturing and services. Tourists coming to Thailand spend 16 billion dollar each year and spend 9 days in Thailand on average. Foreign visitors are not the only tourists Thailand depends on. The local residents of Thailand are also a major part of the tourists. Although the amount spent by these tourists is far less than the foreign tourists. In 2008 more than half of the international tourists were from East Asia, Malaysia and Japan. Malaysian visitors have a majority in the overall number of foreign investors to the country. European countries give close to 25% of the total number of visitors. Around 700,000 Australians visited Thailand in 2008; the number is huge when compared to the total residents in Australia. 1.2 Trends from 2007 to 2011 The number of tourists in the 1stQtr and 2ndQtr of 2009 was around 3.6m and 2.9m respectively. The numbers of tourists were lower than the 1stQtrs of 07 and 08. In the 3rdQtr/09 the no. of visitors is similar to that of both 07 and 08. In the 1stQtr/09 there was the highest number of visitors than the previous two years. The no. of visitors was highest during the 1stQtr/10. Due to the political instability from April to May 10, the number of visitors was low. The number of visitors was lower by about 1 to 2 million during year 09 and year 10. Still the number of arrivals in year 10 was record breaking. This shows that visitors forget the instabilities in only around 2 to 3 months. 2.0 Literature review Countries around the world are facing several problems with the tourism industry. Looking at the current trends there are a number of factors affecting tourism industries. Some of these factors are economic factors, technological factors, political factors, demographic factors and cultural factors. 2.1 Economic factors: Economic factors of both the host and the visitors country impacts a countrys tourism industry. The overall buying power of the visitors acts as a very important determinant for the tourist industry. In some countries the cost the vacations is very high. This discourages visitors from going to the specific country. On the other hand some countries offer cheap vacation packages allowing more visitors to come to their country. Over all global prosperity also plays a very important role. If the over all economical condition of countries is good this means in most cases that the purchasing power is higher in those countries. When the standards of living are better and the purchasing power is better people can afford more luxuries. Tourism is also considered as a luxury and the overall numbers of tourists from the specific countries grow. Thailand is one of the favorite places for tourists as it provides every thing that tourists want. Low cost and high quality services, beautiful beaches and natural environment. This also backfires for the host country at many places. Due to higher economic growth in the host country, the residents of the country also will to go abroad for vacations. This causes outflow of money from the economy known as leakage. The overall outflow is then balanced by the inflow of currency from other countries. The net income from the tourism industry of the host country is lowered over all due to the local population going abroad for vacations. Inflation is also a very important determinant when it comes to tourism sector. If the inflation rate is higher in the host country compared to the visitors country, the overall spending by the visitors is low in the economy as the price of products and services is higher in the host country. On the other hand if the inflation is lower in the host country compared to the visitors country, visitors tend to spend more in the host country. Thailand is facing a high inflation rate because of increase in the prices of crude oil but the problem is global. But due to difference in exchange rates inflation does not have a major impact on the tourist industry. For example, the appreciation of the euro against the US dollar has increased the number of EU tourists in Thailand. Along with this the purchasing power of Americans in Thailand has been stable, despite the depreciation of the dollar. In order to maintain the price competitiveness of exports the bank of Thailand has not allowed the Baht to appreciate against the dollar. The baht is under upward pressure, and it has an adverse affect on Thailands tourist industry. Thailands low price level has made it a most reasonable tourist place. 2.2 Technological factors In the current era aviation technology has seen a lot of advancements. Now days the major cause of inflation in many countries is the increase in fuel prices, but it also greatly hampers the tourism sector. As the increase in the fuel prices also increase the airline ticket prices. Therefore aircraft building companies are bringing a lot of innovation to the air craft designs. Due to this reason the over all air fare is greatly reduced. Countries now pay attention to keep the best and most technologically advanced planes at their main airports so that more visitors can come in. Infrastructure is very important factor for tourists on vacations. Tourism is considered as luxury act and tourists from across the world want the best or atleast sufficient infrastructure in the country they are about to visit. Example, Dubai is considered a famous tourist location only because it has better infrastructure than many other countries in its region. Tourists when think of Dubai, they know that it will be a place where they will have all the facilities that they might require; this is a global mind set for most of the tourists. Countries therefore must spend heavily on their infrastructure for the growth in the tourism sector. Now days the use of IT has been a focus of most of the countries. People around the world are now more used to of IT than any other mode of communication. Even visitors now days search online for holiday packages. Countries must make sure that ample information is available relating to their country and tourist spots which people around the world can see and be motivated to visit their country. 2.3 Political factors Visitors avoid areas of political unrest mainly when they visit other countries for vacations. This is mostly because of the mindset that people want to enjoy and relax during the vacations. An extreme example can of Egypt currently. Due to the protests for the change of president and protests in previous months the overall tourist industry of Egypt has recently collapsed. In order to achieve a liberal democracy, Thailands economy is facing a fluctuating and worsening political condition. However as tourists are mostly not interested in any countrys political condition then the political instability would not affect the tourism industry. Instable security conditions can be a major problem for the tourism industry. However research shows that if there is any instability in some parts of the country and the political turmoil is happening in a local area then it would not have a major impact on the tourist industry. Such as worsening of political condition in the southern province of Thailand does not have a declining impact on the tourist industry. However if the political instability increases and reaches other parts of the country it will boost tourists insecurity and fear. It will build a negative perception in the minds of tourists about that place. Also it might have a negative impact on tourists plans for example, if the crisis in Thailand increase s and reaches other parts of the country than it might have a n adverse affect on the tourist industry _ bomb blasts in Bangkok has led to a negative affect on the development of the tourist Industry. Individual and situational characteristics have affected tourists a lot because of the availability on information. It should be considered when taking in the account the security of tourist destinations, that the political instability is exaggerated by the news reporting. Several incidents in Thailand such as terrorists strike are given greater importance by the media than major road accidents. Road accidents in Thailand create a major security risk than a political unrest- and tourists are out most of their time and face many traffic jams every day. How ever Thailand is fairly a safe place than several other countries. Except for political instability, terrorism also has an indirect relation with the amount of tourists visiting a country. Terrorists also try to target the most important sites of a country to spread their terror. Most of these sites are the same sites to which tourists around the world come to visit. An example can be the pyramids of Geza which can we seen as an ideal spot for terrorists to attack. Thea Sinclair and Adam Blake of WTO said The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity are a cause for concern. The repercussions extend beyond activities directly associated with tourism, notably airlines, hotels and catering, to sectors that supply intermediate or final goods that are purchased by firms and employees in the industry, so that all sectors of the economy are affected to a greater or lesser effect. In the above quotation they are clearly pointing out the adverse impact of terrorist activities on tourism industry and how this adverse impact amplifies over time. Examples can be of cases from target killing of tourists in Egypt, bombing in Nairobi, hijacking of planes for the 9/11 attack etc. These activities not only collapse the tourist industry of the specific countries, but it also impacts the overall global growth of tourism. As mentioned above 9/11 had one of the most harmful impacts on global tourism industry. The overall impact of the 9/11 attacks cannot be measured but according to an estimate but it lowered world tourism by 10%. To regain the confidence most of the countries are using several encouragement tools such as lowering their air fares. 2.4 Demographic Factors Demographics of countries also impact the tourism industry. Living patterns and population affects both the demand of tourists and the supply of labour in the tourist industry. Example the overall percentage of tourists from Australia is higher though their population is lower than many other countries. 2.5 Cultural factors It cannot be ignored that culture is one of the strongest factors affecting the tourist numbers. It can be crucial point when it comes to competitiveness between the countries. Tourism nowdays basically stems out of cultural attractions. And this is this bond of culture and tourism that makes a destination more attractive than other to either go as a tourist, employee, investor or emigrant. 3 Objectives of the study The main purpose of this study is: To find out what are the current social problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. To find out what are the current economical problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. To find out what are the current infrastructure problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. To find out how tourism industry of Thailand is suffering due to the current political situation of the country. To find out what are the current demographical problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. To find out what are the current technological problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. To find out what are the current demographical problems Thailand is facing regarding its tourism industry. 3.1 Limitations: In order to conduct this study few limitations will be faced as well, such as: Geographical research limitations are our first constraint. The target audience is large in number and it will be very difficult to interact with every tourist of Thailand. We will not be able to cover all the minor problems related to the sector. Some of the official analysis by the Thai govt may be restricted to us. Time is also a big issue which will make our research limited. 3.2 Scope: In this study we will be focusing on the current economical condition of Thailand. We will relate different economical variables with the tourist sector. These variables can range from inflation to exchange rates. By looking at the previous trends of growth we will try to analyse the future growth of the Thailands tourism sector. Through online or paper questionnaires we will try to find out what problems are tourists in Thailand facing. 3.3 Assumptions: The assumptions we will take in this study are: The sample size of our research shows the majority of the tourists coming to Thailand The situation of Thailand remains stable during our research. Data gathered from TDRI is accurate. 4.0 Research Methodology: 4.1 Research Design: In order to understand the problems affecting the tourism industry we will first measure the effect of each of the variables on the over all tourism industry of Thailand. In exploring these variables several different studies will be taken under as secondary data to build the foundation. Apart from this, several tourists perception surveys will be conducted to develop a deeper understanding. In order to insure that all the variables are covered we will attach specific weight ages to the variables and the results will be both qualitative and quantitative in nature. 4.2 Procedure: Problem Statement Study of Thailands economy: Basic understanding of the different sectors, Problems Thailand is facing as a country, Understanding of the Thailands tourism industry foreign perspective: Introduction of the sector, Growth of the sector, Comparison the to the other countrys tourism industries, Past trends of the sector, -In-depth research on forces which previously moved the market globally and in relation to Thai tourism: Economic forces, Political forces, Demographic forces, Technological forces, Primary research: Questionnaire In-depth Questionnaire, Hypothetical offers, In-depth Analysis, Conclusion: Problems and challenges faced by Thailands tourism industry, Recommendations for the Thai government as a whole, 4.3 Sample: The sample size will be consisting of 100 tourists both local and international. Interviews will be taken from famous economic analysts for in-depth research. 4.4 Measurement/ Instrument Selection: Data Collection: Data will be collected through both secondary and primary sources. Primary data will be collected after complete analysis of available secondary data. Method of Data Collection: Interviews: interviews will be taken from both the tourists and economic analysts. Data gathered from the tourists will be used to form a perception chart of Thailand as a whole and the information gathered from the experts will just be used to see if the research is going on the right track and nothing is being missed out. Structured questionnaire: For the collection of primary data, in depth structured questionnaires will be developed. 4.5 Variables: The variables will be incorporated at the later stages, as the research will proceed. 4.6 Hypotheses: Hypothesis will be incorporated at later stages. 4.7 Software employed: We will use Spreadsheet and SPSS software in during our study.